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One GGE of natural gas is 126.67 cubic feet (3.587 m 3) at standard conditions. This volume of natural gas has the same energy content as one US gallon of gasoline (based on lower heating values: 900 BTU/cu ft (9.3 kWh/m 3) of natural gas and 114,000 BTU/US gal (8.8 kWh/L) for gasoline). [22]
The annual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE; pronounced 'A'-'Few' or 'A'-'F'-'U'-'E') is a thermal efficiency measure of space-heating furnaces and boilers.The AFUE differs from the true 'thermal efficiency' in that it is not a steady-state, peak measure of conversion efficiency, but instead attempts to represent the actual, season-long, average efficiency of that piece of equipment ...
The energy factor metric only applies to residential water heaters, which are currently defined by fuel, type, and input capacity. [5] Generally, the EF number represents the thermal efficiency of the water heater as a percentage, since it is an average of the ratio of the theoretical heat required to raise the temperature of water drawn to the amount of energy actually consumed by the water ...
Given a heat value of a fuel, it would be trivial to convert from fuel units (such as litres of gasoline) to energy units (such as MJ) and conversely. But there are two problems with comparisons made using energy units: There are two different heat values for any hydrogen-containing fuel which can differ by several percent (see below).
The therm (symbol, thm) is a non-SI unit of heat energy equal to 100,000 British thermal units (BTU), [1] and approximately 105 megajoules, 29.3 kilowatt-hours, 25,200 kilocalories and 25.2 thermies. One therm is the energy content of approximately 100 cubic feet (2.83 cubic metres) of natural gas at standard temperature and pressure .
A heat rate value of 2 kWh/kWh gives an efficiency factor of 50%. A heat rate value of 4 MJ/MJ gives an efficiency factor of 25%. For other units, make sure to use a corresponding conversion factor for the units. For example, if using Btu/kWh, use a conversion factor of 3,412 Btu per kWh to calculate the efficiency factor.
The heating value of a fuel can be calculated with the results of ultimate analysis of fuel. From analysis, percentages of the combustibles in the fuel (carbon, hydrogen, sulfur) are known. Since the heat of combustion of these elements is known, the heating value can be calculated using Dulong's Formula:
Using EPA 2018 Fuel Economy Guides assumptions for national average pricing of $2.56/gal regular gasoline and $0.13/kWh [42] we can calculate a vehicle that is rated at 84 MPGe or 40 kW/100 Mi efficiency and has a 16.5 kW EV battery of which 13.5 kWh is usable for electric driving with an advertised range of 33 miles per charge.
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