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  2. Double turnstile - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_turnstile

    The double turnstile is a binary relation. It has several different meanings in different contexts: This usage is closely related to the single-barred turnstile symbol which denotes syntactic consequence. This is typically done inductively along with restricting the range of a variable assignment, a function mapping each variable symbol to a ...

  3. Fredholm's theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredholm's_theorem

    Fredholm's theorem. In mathematics, Fredholm's theorems are a set of celebrated results of Ivar Fredholm in the Fredholm theory of integral equations. There are several closely related theorems, which may be stated in terms of integral equations, in terms of linear algebra, or in terms of the Fredholm operator on Banach spaces.

  4. Vuong's closeness test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuong's_closeness_test

    In statistics, the Vuong closeness test is a likelihood-ratio -based test for model selection using the Kullback–Leibler information criterion. This statistic makes probabilistic statements about two models. They can be nested, strictly non-nested or partially non-nested (also called overlapping). The statistic tests the null hypothesis that ...

  5. Conjugate variables - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugate_variables

    Conjugate variables. Conjugate variables are pairs of variables mathematically defined in such a way that they become Fourier transform duals, [1][2] or more generally are related through Pontryagin duality. The duality relations lead naturally to an uncertainty relation—in physics called the Heisenberg uncertainty principle —between them.

  6. Engineering mathematics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_mathematics

    Engineering mathematics. Mathematical engineering (or engineering mathematics) is a branch of applied mathematics, concerning mathematical methods and techniques that are typically used in engineering and industry. Along with fields like engineering physics and engineering geology, both of which may belong in the wider category engineering ...

  7. Codomain - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codomain

    In mathematics, a codomain or set of destination of a function is a set into which all of the output of the function is constrained to fall. It is the set Y in the notation f: X → Y. The term range is sometimes ambiguously used to refer to either the codomain or the image of a function. A codomain is part of a function f if f is defined as a ...

  8. Contact (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_(mathematics)

    Contact (mathematics) In mathematics, two functions have a contact of order k if, at a point P, they have the same value and their first k derivatives are equal. This is an equivalence relation, whose equivalence classes are generally called jets. The point of osculation is also called the double cusp. Contact is a geometric notion; it can be ...

  9. Charles M. Leighton - Pay Pals - The Huffington Post

    data.huffingtonpost.com/paypals/charles-m-leighton

    between 2008 and 2012, better performance than 58% of all directors The Charles M. Leighton Stock Index From January 2008 to April 2008, if you bought shares in companies when Charles M. Leighton joined the board, and sold them when he left, you would have a -2.6 percent return on your investment, compared to a -6.3 percent return from the S&P 500.

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