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Vacuum Diagrams is a collection of science fiction short stories by British writer Stephen Baxter. The collection connects the novels of the Xeelee Sequence and also shows the history of mankind in the Xeelee universe, and ultimately the universe. While each short story in the collection is self-contained, the stories are presented as being ...
To establish the normalization Z 0 = exp W[0] = 1 one simply calculates all connected vacuum diagrams, i.e., the diagrams without any sources J (sometimes referred to as external legs of a Feynman diagram). The linked-cluster theorem was first proved to order four by Keith Brueckner in 1955, and for infinite orders by Jeffrey Goldstone in 1957 ...
The Xeelee Sequence (/ ˈziːliː /; ZEE-lee) [1][2] [a] is a series of hard science fiction novels, novellas, and short stories written by British science fiction author Stephen Baxter. The series spans billions of years of fictional history, centering on humanity's future expansion into the universe, its intergalactic war with an enigmatic ...
Vacuum energy is an underlying background energy that exists in space throughout the entire universe. [1] ... a process which can be mapped using Feynman diagrams.
In quantum field theory, a false vacuum[1] is a hypothetical vacuum state that is locally stable but does not occupy the most stable possible ground state. [2] In this condition it is called metastable. It may last for a very long time in this state, but could eventually decay to the more stable one, an event known as false vacuum decay.
Quantum field theory. In quantum field theory, the quantum vacuum state (also called the quantum vacuum or vacuum state) is the quantum state with the lowest possible energy. Generally, it contains no physical particles. The term zero-point field is sometimes used as a synonym for the vacuum state of a quantized field which is completely ...
A direct way to calculate the effective action [] perturbatively as a sum of 1PI diagrams is to sum over all 1PI vacuum diagrams acquired using the Feynman rules derived from the shifted action [+]. This works because any place where ϕ 0 {\displaystyle \phi _{0}} appears in any of the propagators or vertices is a place where an external ϕ ...
A Feynman diagram (box diagram) for photon–photon scattering: one photon scatters from the transient vacuum charge fluctuations of the other. Two-photon physics, also called gamma–gamma physics, is a branch of particle physics that describes the interactions between two photons. Normally, beams of light pass through each other unperturbed.