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In the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition (1970–1979), a pluralist democracy is described as a political system where there is more than one center of power. [ 1 ] Modern democracies are by definition pluralist as they allow freedom of association ; however, pluralism may exist without democracy. [ 2 ]
Robert Alan Dahl (/ d ɑː l /; December 17, 1915 – February 5, 2014) was an American political theorist and Sterling Professor of Political Science at Yale University.. He established the pluralist theory of democracy—in which political outcomes are enacted through competitive, if unequal, interest groups—and introduced "polyarchy" as a descriptor of actual democratic governance.
Classical pluralism is the view that politics and decision-making are located mostly in the framework of government but that many non-governmental groups use their resources to exert influence. The central question for classical pluralism is how power and influence are distributed in a political process. Groups of individuals try to maximize ...
Pluralism, whether the interest-group pluralism of Robert A. Dahl or political liberalism's "reasonable" pluralism, is oriented towards existing diversity of groups, values, and identities competing for political representation. Pluralization, by contrast, names the emergence of new interests, identities, values, and differences raising claims ...
Pluralism (political theory), belief that there should be diverse and competing centres of power in society Legal pluralism , the existence of differing legal systems in a population or area Pluralist democracy , a political system with more than one center of power
His theory evolved over the decades, and the description in later writings is somewhat different. Dahl argues that "democracy" is an ideal type that no country has ever achieved. [6] For Dahl, democracy is a system that is "completely responsive to all its citizens", [6] and the closest to the democratic ideal any country has come is polyarchy. [6]
Robert A. Dahl built a theory of Pluralist democracy which is a direct descendant of Madison's cross-cutting cleavages. [1] Cross-cutting cleavages are contrasted with reinforcing cleavage (e.g. a situation where one ethnic group is all-rich and the other is all-poor). The term originates from Simmel (1908) in his work Soziologie. [2]
Agonism (from Greek ἀγών agōn 'struggle') is a political and social theory that emphasizes the potentially positive aspects of certain forms of conflict. It accepts a permanent place for such conflict in the political sphere, but seeks to show how individuals might accept and channel this conflict positively.