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Chronic kidney disease–mineral and bone disorder (CKD–MBD) is one of the many complications associated with chronic kidney disease. It represents a systemic disorder of mineral and bone metabolism due to CKD manifested by either one or a combination of the following: [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
The severity of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is described by six stages; the most severe three are defined by the MDRD-eGFR value, and first three also depend on whether there is other evidence of kidney disease (e.g., proteinuria): 0) Normal kidney function – GFR above 90 (mL/min)/(1.73 m 2) and no proteinuria
Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes – KDIGO 2012 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease [58] A glomerular filtration rate (GFR) ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 is considered normal without chronic kidney disease if there is no kidney damage present.
It is one measure of the skeletal component of the systemic disorder of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The term "renal osteodystrophy" was coined in 1943, [ 4 ] 60 years after an association was identified between bone disease and kidney failure .
Iron-deficiency anemia is anemia caused by a lack of iron. [3] Anemia is defined as a decrease in the number of red blood cells or the amount of hemoglobin in the blood . [ 3 ] When onset is slow, symptoms are often vague such as feeling tired , weak, short of breath , or having decreased ability to exercise. [ 1 ]
Sideroblastic anemia, or sideroachrestic anemia, is a form of anemia in which the bone marrow produces ringed sideroblasts rather than healthy red blood cells (erythrocytes). [1] In sideroblastic anemia, the body has iron available but cannot incorporate it into hemoglobin , which red blood cells need in order to transport oxygen efficiently.
Transfusion-dependent anemia is a form of anemia characterized by the need for continuous blood transfusion. It is a condition that results from various diseases, and is associated with decreased survival rates. [1] [2] Regular transfusion is required to reduce the symptoms of anemia by increasing functional red blood cells and hemoglobin count.
Anemia of chronic disease (ACD) [1] [2] or anemia of chronic inflammation [3] is a form of anemia seen in chronic infection, chronic immune activation, and malignancy. These conditions all produce elevation of interleukin-6 , which stimulates hepcidin production and release from the liver.
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