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The Hawaiʻi hotspot is a volcanic hotspot located near the namesake Hawaiian Islands, in the northern Pacific Ocean.One of the best known and intensively studied hotspots in the world, [1] [2] the Hawaii plume is responsible for the creation of the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain, a 6,200-kilometer (3,900 mi) mostly undersea volcanic mountain range.
A chain of volcanoes is created as the lithosphere moves over the source of magma. In geology, hotspots (or hot spots) are volcanic locales thought to be fed by underlying mantle that is anomalously hot compared with the surrounding mantle. [1] Examples include the Hawaii, Iceland, and Yellowstone hotspots.
The first, the main windward Hawaiian islands consist of the eight youngest and easternmost Hawaiian islands. This is the youngest part of the chain and includes volcanoes with ages ranging from 400,000 years [2] to 5.1 million years. [3] The island of Hawaiʻi comprises five volcanoes, of which two (Kilauea and Mauna Loa) are still active.
In the preshield stage, Hawaiian volcanoes have steeper sides and a lower level of activity, producing an alkali basalt lava. [17] [18] Continued volcanism is expected to eventually give birth to an island at Kamaʻehuakanaloa. It experiences frequent landslides; the growth of the volcano has destabilized its slopes, and extensive areas of ...
Like all Hawaiian volcanoes, Mauna Loa was created as the Pacific tectonic plate moved over the Hawaii hotspot in the Earth's underlying mantle. [10] The Hawaii island volcanoes are the most recent evidence of this process that, over 70 million years, has created the 3,700 mi (6,000 km)-long Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain. [11]
The Puhahonu volcano (Gardner) would be twice as big as Mauna Loa's based on that research. [5] [f] The Pūhāhonu and West Pūhāhonu volcanoes result from the Hawaii hotspot which is fed by the Hawaiian plume which had a major magmatic flux pulse at the time. [2] [c] A longer magmatic flux pulse produced the Hawaiian Islands.
The United States military has made use of some of the volcanic islands that were formed by the Honolulu Volcanics. [13] The Koko area is designated as the Koko Head Regional Park [14] and Hanauma Bay is also a state park. [15] Parts of this system are among the best known volcanic vents of Hawaiʻi. [16] About 30–40 vents have been ...
A Hawaiian eruption is a type of volcanic eruption where lava flows from the vent in a relatively gentle, low level eruption; it is so named because it is characteristic of Hawaiian volcanoes. Typically they are effusive eruptions , with basaltic magmas of low viscosity , low content of gases, and high temperature at the vent.