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In mathematics, exponentiation is an operation involving two numbers: the base and the exponent or power.Exponentiation is written as b n, where b is the base and n is the power; often said as "b to the power n ". [1]
For example, the prime number 31 is a Mersenne prime because it is 1 less than 32 (2 5). Similarly, a prime number (like 257) that is one more than a positive power of two is called a Fermat prime—the exponent itself is a power of two. A fraction that has a power of two as its denominator is called a dyadic rational.
Splitting numbers into more than two parts results in Toom-Cook multiplication; for example, using three parts results in the Toom-3 algorithm. Using many parts can set the exponent arbitrarily close to 1, but the constant factor also grows, making it impractical.
Multiplication is an arithmetic operation in which two numbers, called the multiplier and the multiplicand, are combined into a single number called the product. [ 50 ] [ d ] The symbols of multiplication are × {\displaystyle \times } , ⋅ {\displaystyle \cdot } , and *.
In arithmetic and algebra, the cube of a number n is its third power, that is, the result of multiplying three instances of n together. The cube of a number or any other mathematical expression is denoted by a superscript 3, for example 2 3 = 8 or (x + 1) 3. The cube is also the number multiplied by its square: n 3 = n × n 2 = n × n × n.
0 is a multiple of every number (=). The product of any integer n {\displaystyle n} and any integer is a multiple of n {\displaystyle n} . In particular, n {\displaystyle n} , which is equal to n × 1 {\displaystyle n\times 1} , is a multiple of n {\displaystyle n} (every integer is a multiple of itself), since 1 is an integer.
For example, to multiply 7 and 15 modulo 17 in Montgomery form, again with R = 100, compute the product of 3 and 4 to get 12 as above. The extended Euclidean algorithm implies that 8⋅100 − 47⋅17 = 1, so R′ = 8. Multiply 12 by 8 to get 96 and reduce modulo 17 to get 11. This is the Montgomery form of 3, as expected.
Compared to traditional long multiplication, the grid method differs in clearly breaking the multiplication and addition into two steps, and in being less dependent on place value. Whilst less efficient than the traditional method, grid multiplication is considered to be more reliable, in that children are less likely to make mistakes. Most ...