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In fluid measurement, the fluid's flow conditions (or flowing conditions) refer to quantities like temperature and static pressure of the metered substance.The flowing conditions are required data in order to calculate the density of the fluid at flowing conditions.
That is, observed temperatures above 60 °F (or the base temperature used) typically correlate with a correction factor below "1", while temperatures below 60 °F correlate with a factor above "1". This concept lies in the basis for the kinetic theory of matter and thermal expansion of matter , which states as the temperature of a substance ...
[1] [9] According to this, the mixing temperature is the weighted arithmetic mean of the temperatures of the two initial components. Richmann's rule of mixing can also be applied in reverse, for example, to the question of the ratio in which quantities of water of given temperatures must be mixed to obtain water of a desired temperature.
Dimensionless numbers (or characteristic numbers) have an important role in analyzing the behavior of fluids and their flow as well as in other transport phenomena. [1] They include the Reynolds and the Mach numbers, which describe as ratios the relative magnitude of fluid and physical system characteristics, such as density, viscosity, speed of sound, and flow speed.
Increasing the temperature of a substance (with a few exceptions) decreases its density by increasing its volume. In most materials, heating the bottom of a fluid results in convection of the heat from the bottom to the top, due to the decrease in the density of the heated fluid, which causes it to rise relative to denser unheated material.
In the Boussinesq approximation, variations in fluid properties other than density ρ are ignored, and density only appears when it is multiplied by g, the gravitational acceleration. [2]: 127–128 If u is the local velocity of a parcel of fluid, the continuity equation for conservation of mass is [2]: 52 + = If density variations are ignored ...
As the temperature difference between the top and bottom of the fluid becomes higher, significant differences in fluid parameters other than density may develop in the fluid due to temperature. An example of such a parameter is viscosity, which may begin to significantly vary horizontally across layers of fluid. This breaks the symmetry of the ...
In fluid mechanics, the Tait equation is an equation of state, used to relate liquid density to hydrostatic pressure.The equation was originally published by Peter Guthrie Tait in 1888 in the form [1]