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ASCII's English alphabet almost accommodates European languages, if accented letters are replaced by non-accented letters or two-character approximations such as ss for ß. Modified variants of 7-bit ASCII appeared promptly, trading some lesser-used symbols for highly desired symbols or letters, such as replacing "#" with "£" on UK Teletypes ...
Their encoding relies on how frequently the text is used. Most runs of text use the same script; for example, Latin, Cyrillic, Greek and so on. This normal use allows many runs of text to compress down to about 1 byte per code point. These stateful encodings make it more difficult to randomly access text at any position of a string.
Python 3.3 switched internal storage to use one of ISO-8859-1, UCS-2, or UTF-32 depending on the largest code point in the string. [31] Python 3.12 drops some functionality (for CPython extensions) to make it easier to migrate to UTF-8 for all strings. [32] Java originally used UCS-2, and added UTF-16 supplementary character support in J2SE 5.0.
This led to the idea that text in Chinese and other languages would take more space in UTF-8. However, text is only larger if there are more of these code points than 1-byte ASCII code points, and this rarely happens in the real-world documents due to spaces, newlines, digits, punctuation, English words, and (depending on document format) markup.
Python and Ruby both recommend UpperCamelCase for class names, CAPITALIZED_WITH_UNDERSCORES for constants, and snake_case for other names. In Python, if a name is intended to be "private", it is prefixed by one or two underscores. Private variables are enforced in Python only by convention.
Unicode includes few precomposed accented Cyrillic letters; the others can be combined by adding U+0301 ́ COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT after the accented vowel (e.g., е́ у́ э́); see below. Several diacritical marks not specific to Cyrillic can be used with Cyrillic text, including: in Combining Diacritical Marks block U+0300–U+036F.
awk – used for text file manipulation. sed – parses and transforms text; SQL – has only a few keywords and not all the constructs needed for a full programming language [a] – many database management systems extend SQL with additional constructs as a stored procedure language
In English, the common ampersand (&) developed from a ligature in which the handwritten Latin letters e and t (spelling et, Latin for and) were combined. [1] The rules governing ligature formation in Arabic can be quite complex, requiring special script-shaping technologies such as the Arabic Calligraphic Engine by Thomas Milo's DecoType.