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Isopropyl β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) is a molecular biology reagent. This compound is a molecular mimic of allolactose , a lactose metabolite that triggers transcription of the lac operon , and it is therefore used to induce protein expression where the gene is under the control of the lac operator .
Stress and trauma can affect expression of transcription factors, which in turn alter DNA methylation patterns. For example, transcription factor nerve growth-induced protein A (NGFI-A, also called NAB1) is up-regulated in response to high maternal care in rodents, and down-regulated in response to low maternal care (a form of early life stress).
IPTG is a reagent which mimics the structure of allolactose, and can therefore bind to the lac repressor and prevent it from inhibiting gene expression. Once enough IPTG is added, the T7 gene is normally transcribed and so transcription of the gene of interest downstream of the T7 promoter also begins. [6]
Beta-gal is inhibited by L-ribose and by competitive inhibitors 2-phenylethyl 1-thio-β-D-galactopyranoside (PETG), D-galactonolactone, isopropyl thio-β-D-galactoside (IPTG), and galactose. [ 4 ] β-Galactosidase is important for organisms as it is a key provider in the production of energy and a source of carbons through the break down of ...
The lacZ fragment, whose synthesis can be induced by IPTG, is capable of intra-allelic complementation with a defective form of β-galactosidase enzyme encoded by host chromosome (mutation lacZDM15 in E. coli JM109, DH5α and XL1-Blue strains). [4] In the presence of IPTG in growth medium, bacteria synthesise both fragments of the enzyme.
The effects are widespread and can affect anything from muscle growth to aerobic stamina to diabetes and other metabolic disorders. [35] In general, even a small amount of exercise can induce hypomethylation of the whole genome within muscle cells. This means that many regulatory genes can be turned on for pathways like muscle repair and growth.
An expression vector, otherwise known as an expression construct, is usually a plasmid or virus designed for gene expression in cells. The vector is used to introduce a specific gene into a target cell, and can commandeer the cell's mechanism for protein synthesis to produce the protein encoded by the gene.
IGF-1 plays an important role in growth and continues to have anabolic effects in adults – meaning that it can induce hypertrophy of skeletal muscle and other target tissues. Mice lacking the IGF-1 receptor die late in development, and show a dramatic reduction in body mass. This testifies to the strong growth-promoting effect of this receptor.