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2. Hemagglutinin (influenza) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemagglutinin_(influenza)

   Since hemagglutinin is the major surface protein of the influenza A virus and is essential to the entry process, it is the primary target of neutralizing antibodies. [citation needed] These antibodies against flu have been found to act by two different mechanisms, mirroring the dual functions of hemagglutinin:

3. Influenza A virus - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_A_virus

   Two viral proteins; hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), are inserted into the envelope and are exposed as spikes on the surface of the virion. Both proteins are antigenic; a host's immune system can react to them and produce antibodies in response. The M2 protein forms an ion channel in the envelope and is responsible for uncoating the ...

4. Hemagglutinin - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemagglutinin

   Illustration showing influenza virus attaching to cell membrane via the surface protein hemagglutinin. Hemagglutinins (alternatively spelt haemagglutinin, from the Greek haima, 'blood' + Latin gluten, 'glue') are homotrimeric glycoproteins present on the protein capsids of viruses in the Paramyxoviridae and Orthomyxoviridae families.

5. Influenza A vs. Influenza B: Which Flu Virus Is Worse? - AOL

   www.aol.com/influenza-vs-influenza-b-flu...

   Which flu virus is mostly likely to cause a pandemic? ... ( N), which are proteins on the surface of the virus. There are 18 different HA subtypes and 11 different NA subtypes. This makes for 198 ...

6. Orthomyxoviridae - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthomyxoviridae

   Influenza A viruses are further classified, based on the viral surface proteins hemagglutinin (HA or H) and neuraminidase (NA or N). 18 HA subtypes (or serotypes) and 11 NA subtypes of influenza A virus have been isolated in nature. Among these, the HA subtype 1-16 and NA subtype 1-9 are found in wild waterfowl and shorebirds and the HA ...

7. Influenza - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza

   The envelope comprises a lipid bilayer membrane incorporating HA and NA (or HEF [26]) proteins extending outward from its exterior surface. HA and HEF [26] proteins have a distinct "head" and "stalk" structure. M2 proteins form proton channels through the viral envelope that are required for viral entry and exit. Influenza B viruses contain a ...

8. Viral neuraminidase - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_neuraminidase

   Viral neuraminidase cleaves terminal sialic acid residues from glycan structures on the surface of the infected cell. This promotes the release of progeny viruses and the spread of the virus from the host cell to uninfected surrounding cells. Neuraminidase also cleaves sialic acid residues from viral proteins, preventing aggregation of viruses.

9. Is a flu vaccine with long-term effectiveness on the horizon?

   www.aol.com/lifestyle/flu-vaccine-long-term...

   A recent study suggests that targeting multiple areas of the flu virus' proteins may be the key to creating a flu vaccine that ... These changes often occur in the virus’s surface proteins, like ...