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The second matrix Riccati differential equation solves the linear–quadratic regulator problem (LQR). These problems are dual and together they solve the linear–quadratic–Gaussian control problem (LQG). So the LQG problem separates into the LQE and LQR problem that can be solved independently. Therefore, the LQG problem is called separable.
voltage regulators, which are essentially transformers with tap changers to adjust the voltage along the feeder, so as to compensate for the voltage drop over distance; and; capacitors, which reduce the voltage drop along the feeder by reducing current flow to loads consuming reactive power.
Some voltage-regulator tubes contained small amounts of radionuclides to produce a more reliable ionization. [1] The Corona VR tube is a high-voltage version that is filled with hydrogen at close to atmospheric pressure, and is designed for voltages ranging from 400 V to 30 kV at tens of microamperes.
One of the main results in the theory is that the solution is provided by the linear–quadratic regulator (LQR), a feedback controller whose equations are given below. LQR controllers possess inherent robustness with guaranteed gain and phase margin , [ 1 ] and they also are part of the solution to the LQG (linear–quadratic–Gaussian) problem .
Examples are a voltage regulator (which can be a transformer whose voltage ratio of transformation can be adjusted, or an electronic circuit that produces a defined voltage), a pressure regulator, such as a diving regulator, which maintains its output at a fixed pressure lower than its input, and a fuel regulator (which controls the supply of ...
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An integrated circuit voltage regulator. A voltage regulator is a system designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage. It may use a simple feed-forward design or may include negative feedback. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or electronic components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC ...
A simplified PID regulator is shown, however a separate closed loop is sometimes used to determine the reference voltage with respect to the slope and any other modes a STATCOM may have. [27] A full PID system can be used, but typically the derivative component is removed (or set very low) to prevent noise from the system or measurements from ...