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During the mid-18th century, European powers began to pressure for increases in the already burgeoning foreign trade and for outposts on the Chinese coast, demands which the aging Qianlong emperor resisted. In 1793 King George III sent a large-scale delegation to present their requests directly to the emperor in Beijing, headed by George ...
Engraving of the Qianlong Emperor, Volume One An Authentic Account (1797). An Authentic Account of an Embassy from the King of Great Britain to the Emperor of China; Including Cursory Observations made, and Information obtained, in travelling through that Ancient Empire and a small part of Chinese Tartary (1797) is the official report on the British Macartney Embassy to Qing China that took ...
Macartney stepped up to the platform first, kneeling once, exchanging gifts with Qianlong and presenting King George III's letter. King George's letter had been translated into Chinese by European missionaries in China. They had made the letter more respectful towards the Emperor by removing references to Christianity and turning the letter ...
For this reason, Macartney was negotiating as an equal in the European style, while the Qianlong Emperor was used to conducting diplomacy under Chinese hegemony. [11] After the conclusion of the embassy, the Qianlong Emperor sent a letter to King George III, explaining in greater depth the reasons for his refusal to grant the requests of the ...
For convenience sake, however, many historians still choose to call him Qianlong (though not "Emperor Qianlong"). [30] The only Qing emperors who are not commonly known by their reign name are the first two: Nurhaci (r. 1616–1626), who is known by his personal name, and his son and successor Hong Taiji (r. 1626–1643), whose name was a title ...
Articles relating to the Qianlong Emperor (1711–1799, reigned 1735-1796) ... An Authentic Account of an Embassy from the King of Great Britain to the Emperor of ...
Of the ten campaigns, the final destruction of the Dzungars (or Zunghars) [1] was the most significant. The 1755 pacification of Dzungaria and the later suppression of the Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas secured the northern and western boundaries of Xinjiang, eliminated rivalry for control over the Dalai Lama in Tibet, and thereby eliminated any rival influence in Mongolia.
The Qianlong Emperor, aged 65, in the Forbidden City, attending the ceremony. Ten Thousand Nations Coming to Pay Tribute (Chinese: 萬國來朝圖; pinyin: Wànguó láicháo tú, 1761) is a monumental (299x207cm) Qing dynasty painting depicting foreign delegations visiting the Qianlong Emperor in the Forbidden city in Beijing during the late ...