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  2. Coulomb's law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulomb's_law

    Coulomb's inverse-square law, or simply Coulomb's law, is an experimental law [1] of physics that calculates the amount of force between two electrically charged particles at rest. This electric force is conventionally called the electrostatic force or Coulomb force . [ 2 ]

  3. Introduction to electromagnetism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to...

    Coulomb's law tells us that like charges repel and opposite charges attract. Electromagnetism is one of the fundamental forces of nature alongside gravity, the strong force and the weak force. Whereas gravity acts on all things that have mass, electromagnetism acts on all things that have electric charge.

  4. Coulomb - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulomb

    The coulomb was previously defined in terms of the force between two wires. The coulomb was originally defined, using the latter definition of the ampere, as 1 A × 1 s . [ 4 ] The 2019 redefinition of the ampere and other SI base units fixed the numerical value of the elementary charge when expressed in coulombs and therefore fixed the value ...

  5. Electric potential energy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_potential_energy

    When talking about electrostatic potential energy, time-invariant electric fields are always assumed so, in this case, the electric field is conservative and Coulomb's law can be used. Using Coulomb's law, it is known that the electrostatic force F and the electric field E created by a discrete point charge Q are radially directed from Q.

  6. Electron - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron

    in nuclear reactions) is a subatomic particle with a negative one elementary electric charge. [13] Electrons belong to the first generation of the lepton particle family, [14] and are generally thought to be elementary particles because they have no known components or substructure. [1] The electron's mass is approximately ⁠ 1 / 1836 ⁠ that ...

  7. Electric charge - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_charge

    Also, macroscopic objects made of conductive elements can more or less easily (depending on the element) take on or give off electrons, and then maintain a net negative or positive charge indefinitely. When the net electric charge of an object is non-zero and motionless, the phenomenon is known as static electricity.

  8. Thomson problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson_problem

    For N = 6, electrons reside at vertices of a regular octahedron. [5] The configuration may be imagined as four electrons residing at the corners of a square about the equator and the remaining two residing at the poles. For N = 12, electrons reside at the vertices of a regular icosahedron. [6]

  9. Effective nuclear charge - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_nuclear_charge

    The electrons that are closest to the nucleus will 'see' nearly all of them. However, electrons further away are screened from the nucleus by other electrons in between, and feel less electrostatic interaction as a result. The 1s electron of iron (the closest one to the nucleus) sees an effective atomic number (number of protons) of 25. The ...