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Indoxyl sulfate, also known as 3-indoxylsulfate and 3-indoxylsulfuric acid, is a metabolite of dietary L-tryptophan that acts as a cardiotoxin and uremic toxin. [1] [2] [3] High concentrations of indoxyl sulfate in blood plasma are known to be associated with the development and progression of chronic kidney disease and vascular disease in humans.
Protein toxicity is the effect of the buildup of protein metabolic waste compounds, like urea, uric acid, ammonia, and creatinine.Protein toxicity has many causes, including urea cycle disorders, genetic mutations, excessive protein intake, and insufficient kidney function, such as chronic kidney disease and acute kidney injury.
Tryptophan is an essential amino acid, and is required for protein synthesis. [9] Aside from this crucial role, the remainder of tryptophan is primarily metabolized along the kynurenine pathway in most tissues, including those of the brain and central nervous system. [10] [11] [12] [13]
Chronic dehydration can lead to kidney issues, low energy and impaired bodily functions. That’s why staying hydrated is essential when consuming a high-protein diet . 2.
Tryptophan (symbol Trp or W) [3] is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.Tryptophan contains an α-amino group, an α-carboxylic acid group, and a side chain indole, making it a polar molecule with a non-polar aromatic beta carbon substituent.
[3] [4] [5] The preceding limitations of tryptophan make its use in PET imaging in humans impossible, whereas αMTP is a viable agent for such purposes. [ 5 ] αMTP is first converted by tryptophan hydroxylase into α-methyl-5-hydroxytryptophan (αM-5-HTP or α-methyl-5-HTP), the α-methylated analogue of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), prior to ...
Nephrotoxicity is toxicity in the kidneys. It is a poisonous effect of some substances, both toxic chemicals and medications, on kidney function. [1] There are various forms, [2] and some drugs may affect kidney function in more than one way. Nephrotoxins are substances displaying nephrotoxicity.
Visceral fat is the type of fat that surrounds your internal organs in your abdomen. It can be particularly worrisome because it's housed in places where fat shouldn't be stored in excess. While ...