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The two-pipe reverse return configuration which is sometimes called 'the three-pipe system' is different from the two-pipe system in the way that water returns to the boiler. In a two-pipe system, once the water has left the first radiator, it returns to the boiler to be reheated, and so with the second and third etc.
The vast majority of copper systems far exceed this time period but a small minority may fail after a comparatively short time. The majority of failures seen are the result of poor installation or operation of the water system. The most common failure seen in the last 20 years is pitting corrosion in cold water tubes, also known as Type 1 pitting.
In fluid dynamics, pipe network analysis is the analysis of the fluid flow through a hydraulics network, containing several or many interconnected branches. The aim is to determine the flow rates and pressure drops in the individual sections of the network. This is a common problem in hydraulic design.
Steam hammer can occur in steam systems when some of the steam condenses into water in a horizontal section of the piping. The steam forcing the liquid water along the pipe forms a "slug" which impacts a valve of pipe fitting, creating a loud hammering noise and high pressure. Vacuum caused by condensation from thermal shock can also cause a ...
The flow in manifolds is extensively encountered in many industrial processes when it is necessary to distribute a large fluid stream into several parallel streams, or to collect them into one discharge stream, such as in fuel cells, heat exchangers, radial flow reactors, hydronics, fire protection, and irrigation. Manifolds can usually be ...
Hydronic fan coil units can be generally divided into two types: Two-pipe fan coil units or four-pipe fan coil units. Two-pipe fan coil units have one supply and one return pipe. The supply pipe supplies either cold or hot water to the unit depending on the time of year. Four-pipe fan coil units have two supply pipes and two return pipes.
Circulator pumps as used in hydronic systems are usually electrically powered centrifugal pumps. As used in homes, they are often small, sealed, and rated at a fraction of a horsepower , but in commercial applications they range in size up to many horsepower and the electric motor is usually separated from the pump body by some form of ...
In one case, a 2,600 US gallons per minute (160 L/s) steam condensate pump exploded when it was operated with its suction and discharge valves closed. The force of the explosion was such that it propelled a 5-pound (2.3 kg) piece of metal casing over 400 feet (120 m) away from the site of the explosion. [2]