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  2. Electrolytic process - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolytic_process

    Electrolysis is usually done in bulk using hundreds of sheets of metal connected to an electric power source. In the production of copper, these pure sheets of copper are used as starter material for the cathodes, and are then lowered into a solution such as copper sulfate with the large anodes that are cast from impure (97% pure) copper.

  3. Hall–Héroult process - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall–Héroult_process

    Pure cryolite has a melting point of 1009 ± 1 °C (1848°F). With a small percentage of alumina dissolved in it, its melting point drops to about 1000 °C (1832°F). Besides having a relatively low melting point, cryolite is used as an electrolyte because, among other things, it also dissolves alumina well, conducts electricity, dissociates electrolytically at higher voltage than alumina, and ...

  4. Copper electroplating - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_electroplating

    Copper fluoroborate baths are similar to acid sulfate baths, but they use fluoroborate as the anion rather than sulfate. [6] Copper fluoroborate is much more soluble than copper sulfate, which allows one to dissolve larger quantities of copper salt into the bath, enabling much higher current densities than what is possible in copper sulfate baths.

  5. Electroplating - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroplating

    These cations are reduced at the cathode to the metal in the zero valence state. For example, the electrolyte for copper electroplating can be a solution of copper(II) sulfate, which dissociates into Cu 2+ cations and SO 2− 4 anions. At the cathode, the Cu 2+ is reduced to metallic copper by gaining two electrons.

  6. Electrometallurgy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrometallurgy

    The electrolysis can be done on a molten metal oxide (smelt electrolysis) which is used for example to produce aluminium from aluminium oxide via the Hall-Hérault process. Electrolysis can be used as a final refining stage in pyrometallurgical metal production (electrorefining) and it is also used for reduction of a metal from an aqueous metal ...

  7. Electrowinning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrowinning

    Electrorefining copper. Electrowinning is the oldest industrial electrolytic process. The English chemist Humphry Davy obtained sodium metal in elemental form for the first time in 1807 by the electrolysis of molten sodium hydroxide. Electrorefining of copper was first demonstrated experimentally by Maximilian, Duke of Leuchtenberg in 1847. [2]

  8. Aluminium smelting - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_smelting

    The Hall-Héroult electrolysis process is the major production route for primary aluminium. An electrolytic cell is made of a steel shell with a series of insulating linings of refractory materials. The cell consists of a brick-lined outer steel shell as a container and support. Inside the shell, cathode blocks are cemented together by ramming ...

  9. Hoopes process - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoopes_Process

    During electrolysis, Al 3+ ions from the middle layer migrate to the upper layer, where they are reduced to aluminum by gaining 3 electrons. Equal numbers of Al 3+ ions are produced in the lower layer. These ions migrate to the middle layer. Pure aluminium is tapped off from time to time. The Hoopes process gives about 99.99% pure aluminium.

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