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4.5 × 10 16 bits (5.625 petabytes) – estimated hard drive space in Google's server farm as of 2004 [citation needed] 2 56: 72,057,594,037,927,936 bits (8 pebibytes) 10 petabytes (10 16 bytes) – estimated approximate size of the Library of Congress's collection, including non-book materials, as of 2005. [8]
The element pc requires ten blocks of memory of the size of pointer to char (usually 40 or 80 bytes on common platforms), but element pa is only one pointer (size 4 or 8 bytes), and the data it refers to is an array of ten bytes (sizeof * pa == 10).
A short integer can represent a whole number that may take less storage, while having a smaller range, compared with a standard integer on the same machine. In C , it is denoted by short . It is required to be at least 16 bits, and is often smaller than a standard integer, but this is not required.
A common example is the Data General Nova, which was a 16-bit design that performed 16-bit math as a series of four 4-bit operations. 4-bits was the word size of a widely available single-chip ALU and thus allowed for inexpensive implementation. Using the definition being applied to the 68000, the Nova would be a 4-bit computer, or 4/16.
Computing: 4,294,967,296 – the number of bytes in 4 gibibytes; in computation, 32-bit computers can directly access 2 32 units (bytes) of address space, which leads directly to the 4-gigabyte limit on main memory. Mathematics: 4,294,967,297 is a Fermat number and semiprime.
For example, the Data General Nova minicomputer, and the Texas Instruments TMS9900 and National Semiconductor IMP-16 microcomputers used 16 bit words, and there were many 36-bit mainframe computers (e.g., PDP-10) which used 18-bit word addressing, not byte addressing, giving an address space of 2 18 36-bit words, approximately 1 megabyte of ...
Bit fields can be used to reduce memory consumption when a program requires a number of integer variables which always will have low values. For example, in many systems, storing an integer value requires two bytes (16-bits) of memory; sometimes the values to be stored actually need only one or two bits.
For this reason, bit index is not affected by how the value is stored on the device, such as the value's byte order. Rather, it is a property of the numeric value in binary itself. This is often utilized in programming via bit shifting: A value of 1 << n corresponds to the n th bit of a binary integer (with a value of 2 n).