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A wide variety of HPV types can cause genital warts, but types 6 and 11 together account for about 90% of all cases. [35] [36] However, in total more than 40 types of HPV are transmitted through sexual contact and can infect the skin of the anus and genitals. [4] Such infections may cause genital warts, although they may also remain asymptomatic.
Genital warts, histopathologically, characteristically rise above the skin surface due to enlargement of the dermal papillae, have parakeratosis and the characteristic nuclear changes typical of HPV infections (nuclear enlargement with perinuclear clearing). DNA tests are available for diagnosis of high-risk HPV infections.
HPV infects the squamous epithelium, usually of the skin or genitals, but each HPV type is typically only able to infect a few specific areas of the body. Many HPV types can produce a benign growth, often called a "wart" or "papilloma", in the area they infect. [10] Many of the more common HPV and wart types are listed below.
Papillomaviridae is a family of non-enveloped DNA viruses whose members are known as papillomaviruses. [1] Several hundred species of papillomaviruses, traditionally referred to as "types", [2] have been identified infecting all carefully inspected mammals, [2] but also other vertebrates such as birds, snakes, turtles and fish.
Because of pressure on the sole of the foot or finger, the wart is pushed inward and a layer of hard skin may form over the wart. A plantar wart can be painful if left untreated. [11] [12] Warts may spread through autoinoculation, by infecting nearby skin, or by contaminated walking surfaces. They may fuse or develop into clusters called mosaic ...
HPV DNA can be found in up to 87% of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) and 29% of invasive vulvar cancers; HPV 16 is the most commonly detected subtype in VIN and vulvar cancer, followed by HPV 33 and HPV 18. [15] VIN is a superficial lesion of the skin that has not invaded the basement membrane—or a pre-cancer. [16]
Despite evidence that the HPV vaccine is safe, effective and can help prevent cancer, HPV vaccination rates in the U.S. remain “suboptimal,” say experts.
Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) is a skin condition characterised by warty skin lesions. [1] It results from an abnormal susceptibility to HPV infection (HPV). It is associated with a high lifetime risk of squamous cell carcinomas in skin. [1]