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The plot of a convergent sequence {a n} is shown in blue. Here, one can see that the sequence is converging to the limit 0 as n increases. In the real numbers, a number is the limit of the sequence (), if the numbers in the sequence become closer and closer to , and not to any other number.
"subtract if possible, otherwise add": a(0) = 0; for n > 0, a(n) = a(n − 1) − n if that number is positive and not already in the sequence, otherwise a(n) = a(n − 1) + n, whether or not that number is already in the sequence.
In probability theory, Kolmogorov's Three-Series Theorem, named after Andrey Kolmogorov, gives a criterion for the almost sure convergence of an infinite series of random variables in terms of the convergence of three different series involving properties of their probability distributions.
If r < 1, then the series is absolutely convergent. If r > 1, then the series diverges. If r = 1, the ratio test is inconclusive, and the series may converge or diverge. Root test or nth root test. Suppose that the terms of the sequence in question are non-negative. Define r as follows:
Some sources allow convergence to 0 if there are only a finite number of zero factors and the product of the non-zero factors is non-zero, but for simplicity we will not allow that here. If the product converges, then the limit of the sequence a n as n increases without bound must be 1, while the converse is in general not true.
In more advanced mathematics the monotone convergence theorem usually refers to a fundamental result in measure theory due to Lebesgue and Beppo Levi that says that for sequences of non-negative pointwise-increasing measurable functions (), taking the integral and the supremum can be interchanged with the result being finite if either one is ...
It states that for a converging sequence the sequence of the arithmetic means of its first members converges against the same limit as the original sequence, that is () with implies (+ +) / . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The theorem was found by Cauchy in 1821, [ 1 ] subsequently a number of related and generalized results were published, in particular by Otto ...
Absolute convergence implies Cauchy convergence of the sequence of partial sums (by the triangle inequality), which in turn implies absolute convergence of some grouping (not reordering). The sequence of partial sums obtained by grouping is a subsequence of the partial sums of the original series.