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Analysis of the pedigree using the principles of Mendelian inheritance can determine whether a trait has a dominant or recessive pattern of inheritance. Pedigrees are often constructed after a family member afflicted with a genetic disorder has been identified. This individual, known as the proband, is indicated on the pedigree by an arrow. [5]
Y-linked inheritance Pedigree tree showing the inheritance of a Y-linked trait. Y linkage, also known as holandric inheritance (from Ancient Greek ὅλος hólos, "whole" + ἀνδρός andrós, "male"), [1] describes traits that are produced by genes located on the Y chromosome. It is a form of sex linkage. Y linkage can be difficult to detect.
Human genetics is the study of inheritance as it occurs in human beings. Human genetics encompasses a variety of overlapping fields including: classical genetics , cytogenetics , molecular genetics , biochemical genetics , genomics , population genetics , developmental genetics , clinical genetics , and genetic counseling .
The National Geographic Society's Genographic Project aims to map historical human migration patterns by collecting and analyzing DNA samples from over 100,000 people across five continents. The DNA Clans Genetic Ancestry Analysis measures a person's precise genetic connections to indigenous ethnic groups from around the world. [60]
A DNA segment is identical by state (IBS) in two or more individuals if they have identical nucleotide sequences in this segment. An IBS segment is identical by descent (IBD) in two or more individuals if they have inherited it from a common ancestor without recombination, that is, the segment has the same ancestral origin in these individuals.
Genetic distance, the genetic divergence between species or between populations within a species Lowest common ancestor , an analogous concept in graph theory and computer science Phylogenetic tree , a branching diagram or "tree" showing the inferred evolutionary relationships among various biological species
A genetic lineage includes all descendants of a given genetic sequence, typically following a new mutation. It is not the same as an allele because it excludes cases where different mutations give rise to the same allele, and includes descendants that differ from the ancestor by one or more mutations .
Autosomal dominant A 50/50 chance of inheritance. Sickle-cell disease is inherited in the autosomal recessive pattern. When both parents have sickle-cell trait (carrier), a child has a 25% chance of sickle-cell disease (red icon), 25% do not carry any sickle-cell alleles (blue icon), and 50% have the heterozygous (carrier) condition. [1]