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In the construction industry, LSTK combines two concepts. The LS part refers to the payment of a fixed sum for the delivery under e.g. an EPC contract. The financial risk lies with the contractor. TK specifies that the scope of work includes start-up of the facility to a level of operational status. Ultimately the scope of work will define just ...
An EPC, LSTK, or EPCC all are the same types of contracts. This form of contract is covered by the FIDIC (International Federation of Consulting Engineers) Silver Book [2] containing the title words EPC/turnkey. The initials EPCM are also encountered frequently on international projects, but this is very different from EPC.
The contractor does this either through own labor or by subcontracting part of the work. The contractor carries the project risk for schedule as well as budget in return for a fixed price, called lump sum or LSTK depending on the agreed scope of work. [1] In EPCI contracts, the contractor rarely carries the project risk unconditionally.
While, in EPC, like turnkey, projects are awarded on a contract to commissioning basis on a predetermined time and budget or a Lump Sum Turn Key (LSTK) contract, the nature of EPC contracts can be ...
Frank B. Gilbreth, one of the early developers of industrial engineering, used "cost-plus-a-fixed sum" contracts for his building contracting business. [2] He described this method in an article in Industrial Magazine in 1907, comparing it to fixed price and guaranteed maximum price methods.
The model was first studied in 1976 and studies through the 1990s showed that adopting such a model could generate 10% savings on project time and 7% on cost. [6] The wider adoption of ECI was a recommendation of the 1994 Latham Report into systemic failings in the British construction industry; the practice became increasing popular during the early 2000s.
In an open-book contract, the buyer and seller of work/services agree on (1) which costs are remunerable and (2) the margin that the supplier can add to these costs. The project is then invoiced to the customer based on the actual costs incurred plus the agreed margin.
Short Payment Descriptor uses the ideas from the vCard (by the structure) and SEPA payment (semantics). It is designed to be compact, human readable and therefore, easy to implement.