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The Hawthorne effect is a type of human behavior reactivity in which individuals modify an aspect of their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The effect was discovered in the context of research conducted at the Hawthorne Western Electric plant; however, some scholars think the descriptions are fictitious.
Hawthorne effect, a form of reactivity in which subjects modify an aspect of their behavior, in response to their knowing that they are being studied; Observer-expectancy effect, a form of reactivity in which a researcher's cognitive bias causes them to unconsciously influence the participants of an experiment
The Hawthorne effect occurs when research study participants know they are being studied and alter their performance because of the attention they receive from the experimenters. The John Henry effect , a specific form of Hawthorne effect, occurs when the participants in the control group alter their behavior out of awareness that they are in ...
However, knowledge of participation in the study would be required by law and is thought to still have the potential to cause the induction of the Hawthorne effect. [15] Further, making responses or study data completely anonymous will result in reducing the likelihood of participants altering their behaviour as a result of being observed as ...
In the field of sociolinguistics, the term Observer’s Paradox was coined by William Labov, who stated with regard to the term: . The aim of linguistic research in the community must be to find out how people talk when they are not being systematically observed; yet we can only obtain this data by systematic observation.
(de Sitter effect: see) Geodetic effect (general relativity) Debye–Falkenhagen effect; Decoy effect (consumer behavior) (decision theory) (economic theories) (finance theory) (marketing) Delay (audio effect) (audio effects) (effects units) (musical techniques) Dellinger effect (radio communications) Dember effect (electrical phenomena) (physics)
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Like the observer-expectancy effect, it is often a cause of "odd" results in many experiments. The subject-expectancy effect is most commonly found in medicine , where it can result in the subject experiencing the placebo effect or nocebo effect , depending on how the influence pans out.