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  2. Modular arithmetic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_arithmetic

    Adding 4 hours to 9 o'clock gives 1 o'clock, since 13 is congruent to 1 modulo 12. In mathematics, modular arithmetic is a system of arithmetic for integers, where numbers "wrap around" when reaching a certain value, called the modulus. The modern approach to modular arithmetic was developed by Carl Friedrich Gauss in his book Disquisitiones ...

  3. Modulo - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulo

    In computing, the modulo operation returns the remainder or signed remainder of a division, after one number is divided by another, called the modulus of the operation.. Given two positive numbers a and n, a modulo n (often abbreviated as a mod n) is the remainder of the Euclidean division of a by n, where a is the dividend and n is the divisor.

  4. IB Group 4 subjects - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IB_Group_4_subjects

    t. e. The Group 4: Experimental sciences subjects of the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme comprise the main scientific emphasis of this internationally recognized high school programme. They consist of seven courses, five of which are offered at both the Standard Level (SL) and Higher Level (HL): Chemistry, Biology, Physics, Design ...

  5. Planck constant - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck_constant

    The Planck constant, or Planck's constant, denoted by ,[ 1] is a fundamental physical constant [ 1] of foundational importance in quantum mechanics: a photon 's energy is equal to its frequency multiplied by the Planck constant, and the wavelength of a matter wave equals the Planck constant divided by the associated particle momentum.

  6. Modular multiplicative inverse - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_multiplicative_inverse

    Modular multiplicative inverse. In mathematics, particularly in the area of arithmetic, a modular multiplicative inverse of an integer a is an integer x such that the product ax is congruent to 1 with respect to the modulus m. [ 1] In the standard notation of modular arithmetic this congruence is written as.

  7. Higgs boson - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs_boson

    The Higgs boson, sometimes called the Higgs particle, [ 9][ 10] is an elementary particle in the Standard Model of particle physics produced by the quantum excitation of the Higgs field, [ 11][ 12] one of the fields in particle physics theory. [ 12] In the Standard Model, the Higgs particle is a massive scalar boson with zero spin, even ...

  8. Refractive index - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index

    Refractive index. In optics, the refractive index (or refraction index) of an optical medium is a dimensionless number that gives the indication of the light bending ability of that medium. The refractive index determines how much the path of light is bent, or refracted, when entering a material. This is described by Snell's law of refraction ...

  9. Gravitational wave - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_wave

    For example, a pair of solar mass neutron stars in a circular orbit at a separation of 1.89 × 10 8 m (189,000 km) has an orbital period of 1,000 seconds, and an expected lifetime of 1.30 × 10 13 seconds or about 414,000 years. Such a system could be observed by LISA if it were not too far away. A far greater number of white dwarf binaries ...