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  2. Monohybrid cross - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monohybrid_cross

    A monohybrid cross is a cross between two organisms with different variations at one genetic locus of interest. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The character(s) being studied in a monohybrid cross are governed by two or multiple variations for a single location of a gene.

  3. Test cross - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_cross

    In conducting a monohybrid cross, Mendel initiated the experiment with a pair of pea plants exhibiting contrasting traits, one being tall and the other dwarf. Through cross-pollination, the resulting offspring plants manifested the tall trait. These first-generation hybrids were termed F1, with their offspring referred to as Filial or F1 progeny.

  4. Punnett square - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punnett_square

    The forked-line method (also known as the tree method and the branching system) can also solve dihybrid and multi-hybrid crosses. A problem is converted to a series of monohybrid crosses, and the results are combined in a tree. However, a tree produces the same result as a Punnett square in less time and with more clarity.

  5. Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-dimensional_nuclear...

    The key feature of a COSY spectrum is the presence of cross-peaks as shown in Figure 1, indicating coupling between pairs of nuclei. These cross-peaks provide crucial information about the connectivity within a molecule, showing that the two nuclei are connected by a small number of bonds, usually two or three bonds.

  6. List of genetic hybrids - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_genetic_hybrids

    Mules and hinnies are examples of reciprocal hybrids. Kunga, a cross between a donkey and a Syrian wild ass. Zebroids. Zeedonk or zonkey, a zebra/donkey cross. Zorse, a zebra/horse cross; Zony or zetland, a zebra/pony cross ("zony" is a generic term; "zetland" is specifically a hybrid of the Shetland pony breed with a zebra) Superfamily ...

  7. Mendelian inheritance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance

    Mendel found support for this law in his dihybrid cross experiments. In his monohybrid crosses, an idealized 3:1 ratio between dominant and recessive phenotypes resulted. In dihybrid crosses, however, he found a 9:3:3:1 ratios. This shows that each of the two alleles is inherited independently from the other, with a 3:1 phenotypic ratio for each.

  8. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance...

    A 900 MHz NMR instrument with a 21.1 T magnet at HWB-NMR, Birmingham, UK Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy or magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), is a spectroscopic technique based on re-orientation of atomic nuclei with non-zero nuclear spins in an external magnetic field.

  9. Reciprocal cross - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocal_cross

    It is the cross that could be made either way or independent of the sex of the parents. For example, suppose a biologist wished to identify whether a hypothetical allele Z, a variant of some gene A, is on the male or female sex chromosome. They might first cross a Z-trait female with an A-trait male and observe the offspring.