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A better estimate is provided by the total area of the cross-sections perpendicular to the muscle fibers (green lines in figure 1). This measure is known as the physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA), and is commonly calculated and defined by the following formula, developed in 1975 by Alexander and Vernon: [4] [5] [6]
Measurements are made with a carpenters tape from the frame to the edge of the trunk and the profile of the trunk shape is plotted. The data is then entered into a trapezoidal area function in a spreadsheet and converted into cross sectional area so as to calculate the equivalent circumference to use in the volume formula. [citation needed]
The area-equivalent radius of a 2D object is the radius of a circle with the same area as the object Cross sectional area of a trapezoidal open channel, red highlights the wetted perimeter, where water is in contact with the channel.
The flow through the LVOT, or LV stroke volume (in cm 3), can be calculated by measuring the LVOT diameter (in cm), squaring that value, multiplying the value by 0.78540 (which is π/4) giving a cross sectional area of the LVOT (in cm 2) and multiplying that value by the LVOT VTI (in cm), measured on the spectral Doppler display using pulsed ...
A barn (symbol: b) is a metric unit of area equal to 10 −28 m 2 (100 fm 2).This is equivalent to a square that is 10 −14 m (10 fm) each side, or a circle of diameter approximately 1.128 × 10 −14 m (11.28 fm).
Elastic therapeutic tape used for lower back pain on an older male. The product is a type of thin, elastic cotton tape that can stretch up to 140% of its original length. [12] As a result, if the tape is applied stretched greater than its normal length, it will "recoil" after being applied and therefore create a pulling force on the skin.
The Tule tree has a diameter of 38 feet 1.4 inches (1,161.8 cm) as measured by tape wrap, but because of its irregularity a cross-sectional wood area expressed as a circle gave an effective diameter of only 30 feet 9 inches (937 cm). The base of the tree was mapped in three dimensions using a frame mapping technique.
In a general physics context, sectional density is defined as: = [2] SD is the sectional density; M is the mass of the projectile; A is the cross-sectional area; The SI derived unit for sectional density is kilograms per square meter (kg/m 2). The general formula with units then becomes: