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A better estimate is provided by the total area of the cross-sections perpendicular to the muscle fibers (green lines in figure 1). This measure is known as the physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA), and is commonly calculated and defined by the following formula, developed in 1975 by Alexander and Vernon: [4] [5] [6]
A standardised measuring tape is used to ascertain the mid-upper arm circumference of a child. The anthropometric measures of the upper arm are divided into principal measures, which are measured directly, and derived measures, which are derived from the principal measures using specific formulae and empirically-derived corrections.
A is the cross-sectional area of the tape; square centimeters; E is the modulus of elasticity of the tape material; newtons per square centimeter; The correction C p {\displaystyle C_{p}} is added to L {\displaystyle L} to obtain the corrected distance:
Measurements are made with a carpenters tape from the frame to the edge of the trunk and the profile of the trunk shape is plotted. The data is then entered into a trapezoidal area function in a spreadsheet and converted into cross sectional area so as to calculate the equivalent circumference to use in the volume formula. [citation needed]
In a general physics context, sectional density is defined as: = [2] SD is the sectional density; M is the mass of the projectile; A is the cross-sectional area; The SI derived unit for sectional density is kilograms per square meter (kg/m 2). The general formula with units then becomes:
From these, it is easy to calculate the area (in cm 2) of the aortic valve by simply dividing the LV stroke volume (in cm 3) by the AV VTI (in cm) measured on the spectral Doppler display using continuous-wave Doppler. [citation needed] Stroke volume = 0.785(π/4) x Diameter 2 x VTI of LVOT Cross sectional area of LVOT = 0.785(π/4) x LVOT ...
Image of a helium-4 nucleus; 4 He has a very small cross-section, less than 0.01 barn.. During Manhattan Project research on the atomic bomb during World War II, American physicists Marshall Holloway and Charles P. Baker were working at Purdue University on a project using a particle accelerator to measure the cross sections of certain nuclear reactions.
Elastic therapeutic tape used for lower back pain on an older male. The product is a type of thin, elastic cotton tape that can stretch up to 140% of its original length. [12] As a result, if the tape is applied stretched greater than its normal length, it will "recoil" after being applied and therefore create a pulling force on the skin.