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2. Redundancy (linguistics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redundancy_(linguistics)

   For example, the English phonemes /p/ and /b/ in the words pin and bin feature different voicing, aspiration, and muscular tension. Any one of these features is sufficient to differentiate /p/ from /b/ in English. [2] Generative grammar uses such redundancy to simplify the form of grammatical description. Any feature that can be predicted on ...

3. English grammar - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar

   The first published English grammar was a Pamphlet for Grammar of 1586, written by William Bullokar with the stated goal of demonstrating that English was just as rule-based as Latin. Bullokar's grammar was faithfully modeled on William Lily's Latin grammar, Rudimenta Grammatices (1534), used in English schools at that time, having been ...

4. Cohesion (linguistics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohesion_(linguistics)

   Some examples: replacing "the taxi driver" with the pronoun "he" or "two girls" with "they". Another example can be found in formulaic sequences such as "as stated previously" or "the aforementioned". Cataphoric reference is the opposite of anaphora: a reference forward as opposed to backward in the discourse. Something is introduced in the ...

5. Sentence clause structure - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_clause_structure

   Example: Abdul is happy. Jeanne is a person. I am she. Subject + Verb (transitive) + Indirect Object + Direct Object Example: She made me a pie. This clause pattern is a derivative of S+V+O, transforming the object of a preposition into an indirect object of the verb, as the example sentence in transformational grammar is actually "She made a ...

6. Cloze test - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloze_test

   The definition of success in a given cloze test varies, depending on the broader goals behind the exercise. Assessment may depend on whether the exercise is objective (i.e. students are given a list of words to use in a cloze) or subjective (i.e. students are to fill in a cloze with words that would make a given sentence grammatically correct).

7. Syntax - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax

   In linguistics, syntax (/ ˈ s ɪ n t æ k s / SIN-taks) [1] [2] is the study of how words and morphemes combine to form larger units such as phrases and sentences.It is the arrangements of words to form a larger unit.

8. Treebank - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treebank

   Treebanks are necessarily constructed according to a particular grammar. The same grammar may be implemented by different file formats. For example, the syntactic analysis for John loves Mary, shown in the figure on the right/above, may be represented by simple labelled brackets in a text file, like this (following the Penn Treebank notation):

9. Constituent (linguistics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_(linguistics)

   Tests for constituents are diagnostics used to identify sentence structure. There are numerous tests for constituents that are commonly used to identify the constituents of English sentences. 15 of the most commonly used tests are listed next: 1) coordination (conjunction), 2) pro-form substitution (replacement), 3) topicalization (fronting), 4) do-so-substitution, 5) one-substitution, 6 ...