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Die Büchse der Pandora: Geschichte des Ersten Weltkriegs [Pandora's Box : History of the First World War] (in German). Beck. ISBN 978-3-406-66191-4. Lloyd, Nick (2014). Hundred Days: The End of the Great War. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0241953815. Mallinson, Allan (2016). Too Important for the Generals: Losing and Winning the First World ...
The First World War: An Agrarian Interpretation (1991), on food supply of Britain and Germany; Osborne, Eric. Britain's Economic Blockade of Germany, 1914-1919 (2004) Richie, Alexandra. Faust's Metropolis: a History of Berlin (1998), pp. 234–83. Ryder, A. J. The German Revolution of 1918 (Cambridge University Press, 1967) Siney, Marion.
World War I also had the effect of bringing political transformation to most of the principal parties involved in the conflict, transforming them into electoral democracies by bringing near-universal suffrage for the first time in history, as in Germany (1919 German federal election), Great Britain (1918 United Kingdom general election), and ...
The government of Adolf Hitler declared all further payments cancelled in 1933, and no further reparations payments were made until after the defeat of Nazi Germany in the Second World War. Germany finally paid off its debts under the Versailles treaty, which had been reduced by 50% at the 1953 London Debt Conference, in 2010. [157]
Denmark maintained trade with both sides of the war, and was among several neutral countries that exported canned meat to the German army. Danish speculators made fortunes on canned meat products, which were often of mediocre quality, while 275 Danish merchant ships were sunk, and approximately 700 Danish sailors perished during the war. [1]
While the British had not destroyed the German fleet and had lost more ships and lives than their enemy, the Germans had retreated to harbour; at the end of the battle, the British were in command of the area. Britain enforced the blockade, reducing Germany's vital imports to 55%, affecting the ability of Germany to fight the war. [131] [132]
France's economy also suffered during the Ruhr occupation. It turned to Britain and the United States for assistance, and together they developed the Dawes Plan. It lowered and restructured Germany's reparations payments, and France agreed to vacate the Ruhr. [20] The evacuation was completed on 25 August 1925.
Prior to World War I, a series of conferences were held at Whitehall in 1905–1906 concerning military co-operation with France in the event of a war with Germany. The Director of Naval Intelligence, Charles Ottley, asserted that two of the Royal Navy's functions in such a war would be the capture of German commercial shipping and the blockade of German ports.