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Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), also called premature ovarian insufficiency and premature ovarian failure, is the partial or total loss of reproductive and hormonal function of the ovaries before age 40 because of follicular (egg producing area) dysfunction or early loss of eggs.
Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is impairment of the ovaries and how they work before the age of 40 years. It can be caused by multiple factors, one being genetic. Genes and their influence determine the initial number of the primordial follicles, impact on the rate of follicular atresia, and are impactful on the age of menopause.
Fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI) is the most common genetic cause of premature ovarian failure in women with a normal karyotype 46,XX. [1] The expansion of a CGG repeat in the 5' untranslated region of the FMR1 gene from the normal range of 5-45 repeats to the premutation range of 55-199 CGGs leads to risk of FXPOI for ovary-bearing individuals. [2]
In 2015 a research was done on the role of autoimmunity in premature ovarian failure. [11] In 2014 there was an ovarian autoimmune disease research that revealed at least two mechanisms that protect the ovary from an autoimmune attack. [12] Research showed that Theca cells were targeting the autoimmune deficiency within the ovary.
A new study linked primary ovarian insufficiency (POI)—a condition that causes early menopause—to higher rates of breast cancer. Experts explain what to know.
FOXL2: mutation can cause blepharophimosis, ptosis, epicanthus inversus syndrome (syndrome with eyelid defects and primary ovarian insufficiency) [17] eIFB genes (EIF2B2, EIF2B4, and EIF2B5): involved in protein production, mutations have been associated with leukodystrophy and primary ovarian failure [17] [24]
Iatrogenic, e.g., due to radiation, chemotherapy or surgery, such as laserization of the surface of the ovary to treat endometriosis. Excessive laparoscopic ovarian drilling has been reported to cause premature ovarian failure. [10] [11] (The primordial follicles are located in the thin outer one-millimeter layer of the ovary.) [12]
In rare cases, OHSS can kidney failure as well as blood clots; in very rare cases, OHSS can be life-threatening: In 2022, a 23-year-old woman from India died during an IVF procedure as OHSS caused ...