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Sleep can follow a physiological or behavioral definition. In the physiological sense, sleep is a state characterized by reversible unconsciousness, special brainwave patterns, sporadic eye movement, loss of muscle tone (possibly with some exceptions; see below regarding the sleep of birds and of aquatic mammals), and a compensatory increase following deprivation of the state, this last known ...
Bovine tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease that affects a broad range of mammalian hosts, including humans, cattle, deer, llamas, pigs, domestic cats, wild carnivores (foxes, coyotes) and omnivores (common brushtail possum, mustelids and rodents); it rarely affects equids or sheep.
Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but it can also affect other parts of the body. [1] Most infections show no symptoms, in which case it is known as latent tuberculosis . [ 1 ] Around 10% of latent infections progress to active disease that, if left untreated, kill about half of those affected. [ 1 ]
Social hierarchy, diet, brain size and body mass are contributing factors to how much sleep particular animals naturally need. Outside factors might even i Research Shows that Animals, too, Need a ...
Bimodal sleep in humans was more common before the Industrial Revolution. [36] Different characteristic sleep patterns, such as the familiarly so-called "early bird" and "night owl", are called chronotypes. Genetics and sex have some influence on chronotype, but so do habits. Chronotype is also liable to change over the course of a person's ...
Sickness behavior in its different aspects causes an animal to limit its movement; the metabolic energy not expended in activity is diverted to the fever responses, which involves raising body temperature. [1] This also limits an animal's exposure to predators while it is cognitively and physically impaired. [1]
While in unihemispheric slow-wave sleep, birds will sleep with one open eye towards the direction from which predators are more likely to approach. When birds do this in a flock, it's called the "group edge effect". [2] The mallard is one bird that has been used experimentally to illustrate the "group edge effect". Birds positioned at the edge ...
Parasites can also indirectly affect the behavior of their hosts by disturbing their metabolism, development, or immunity. [9] Parasitic castrators drastically modify their hosts' metabolism and reproduction, sometimes by secreting castrating hormones, changing their behavior and physiology to benefit the parasite. [11]