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  2. Cost-of-production theory of value - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost-of-production_theory...

    At this level, Smith's natural prices of commodities are the sum of the natural rates of wages, profits, and rent that must be paid for inputs into production. (Smith is ambiguous about whether rent is price determining or price determined. The latter view is the consensus of later classical economists, with the Ricardo-Malthus-West theory of ...

  3. Supply and demand - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_and_demand

    Supply chain as connected supply and demand curves. In microeconomics, supply and demand is an economic model of price determination in a market.It postulates that, holding all else equal, the unit price for a particular good or other traded item in a perfectly competitive market, will vary until it settles at the market-clearing price, where the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied ...

  4. Prices of production - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prices_of_production

    the so-called real price of production, which Marx himself defines as the price of production for the commodity produced and sold by an industry plus commercial profit on re-selling the commodity (warehousing, distribution and retailing etc.). [35] the so-called market production price. "This production price... is determined not by the ...

  5. General equilibrium theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_equilibrium_theory

    The first attempt in neoclassical economics to model prices for a whole economy was made by Léon Walras. Walras' Elements of Pure Economics provides a succession of models, each taking into account more aspects of a real economy (two commodities, many commodities, production, growth, money). Some think Walras was unsuccessful and that the ...

  6. Price-consumption curve - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price-consumption_curve

    At each price there is a single corresponding quantity of either good. Due to this, by modeling the good with the changing price as any particular good and the good with the unchanging price as all other goods, the price-consumption curve can be used to construct an individual's demand curve for any particular good. [1]

  7. Price mechanism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_mechanism

    In economics, a price mechanism refers to the way in which price determines the allocation of resources and influences the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded of goods and services. The price mechanism, part of a market system , functions in various ways to match up buyers and sellers: as an incentive, a signal, and a rationing system ...

  8. Economic equilibrium - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_equilibrium

    The equilibrium price in the market is $5.00 where demand and supply are equal at 12,000 units; If the current market price was $3.00 – there would be excess demand for 8,000 units, creating a shortage. If the current market price was $8.00 – there would be excess supply of 12,000 units.

  9. Pigouvian tax - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigouvian_tax

    Governments implement health policy through education and price risks into food prices through taxes on public health products. [34] Some say that consumers are price-sensitive, therefore, a fat tax can be imposed and used to enforce a healthy diet since the prices of harmful food are distorted by taxes, and consumers will be less willing to ...