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  2. Countercurrent exchange - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countercurrent_exchange

    Exchange current decantation depicted in centrifugal extractors as 1st stage. Zippe-type centrifuges use countercurrent multiplication between rising and falling convection currents to reduce the number of stages needed in a cascade. Some Centrifugal extractors use counter current exchange mechanisms for extracting high rates of the desired ...

  3. Countercurrent distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countercurrent_distribution

    Countercurrent distribution is a separation process that is founded on the principles of liquid–liquid extraction where a chemical compound is distributed (partitioned) between two immiscible liquid phases (oil and water for example) according to its relative solubility in the two phases.

  4. Mixer-settler - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixer-settler

    4 stage battery of mixer-settlers for counter-current extraction. Industrial mixer settlers are commonly used in the copper, nickel, uranium, lanthanide, and cobalt hydrometallurgy industries, when solvent extraction processes are applied. They are also used in the Nuclear reprocessing field to separate and purify primarily Uranium and ...

  5. NTU method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTU_Method

    The number of transfer units (NTU) method is used to calculate the rate of heat transfer in heat exchangers (especially parallel flow, counter current, and cross-flow exchangers) when there is insufficient information to calculate the log mean temperature difference (LMTD). Alternatively, this method is useful for determining the expected heat ...

  6. Charged current - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charged_current

    Charged current interactions are the most easily detected class of weak interactions. The weak force is best known for mediating nuclear decay . It has very short range, but is the only force (apart from gravity ) to interact with neutrinos .

  7. Countercurrent chromatography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countercurrent_chromatography

    A high-performance countercurrent chromatography system. Countercurrent chromatography (CCC, also counter-current chromatography) is a form of liquid–liquid chromatography that uses a liquid stationary phase that is held in place by inertia of the molecules composing the stationary phase accelerating toward the center of a centrifuge due to centripetal force [1] and is used to separate ...

  8. Countercurrent multiplication - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countercurrent_multiplication

    Countercurrent multiplication was originally studied as a mechanism whereby urine is concentrated in the nephron. Initially studied in the 1950s by Gottschalk and Mylle following Werner Kuhn's postulations, [3] this mechanism gained popularity only after a series of complicated micropuncture experiments.

  9. Droplet countercurrent chromatography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droplet_countercurrent...

    Droplet countercurrent chromatography (DCCC or DCC) was introduced in 1970 by Tanimura, Pisano, Ito, and Bowman. [1] DCCC is considered to be a form of liquid-liquid separation, which includes countercurrent distribution and countercurrent chromatography, that employs a liquid stationary phase held in a collection of vertical glass columns connected in series.