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Website. ielts.org. International English Language Testing System (IELTS / ˈaɪ.ɛlts /) [ 6 ] is an international standardized test of English language proficiency for non-native English language speakers. It is jointly managed by the British Council, IDP and Cambridge English, [ 6 ] and was established in 1989.
PTE Academic (Pearson Test of English Academic), a Pearson product, measures reading, writing, speaking and listening as well as grammar, oral fluency, pronunciation, spelling, vocabulary and written discourse. The test is computer-based and is designed to reflect international English for academic admission into any university requiring ...
Cambridge Assessment English or Cambridge English develops and produces Cambridge English Qualifications and the International English Language Testing System ().The organisation contributed to the development of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR), the standard used around the world to benchmark language skills, [2] and its qualifications and tests are aligned with ...
The CEFR was established by the Council of Europe between 1986 and 1989 as part of the "Language Learning for European Citizenship" project. In November 2001, a European Union Council Resolution recommended using the CEFR to set up systems of validation of language ability. The six reference levels (A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, C2) are becoming widely ...
Reading is the process of taking in the sense or meaning of symbols, often specifically those of a written language, by means of sight or touch. [1] [2] [3] [4]For educators and researchers, reading is a multifaceted process involving such areas as word recognition, orthography (spelling), alphabetics, phonics, phonemic awareness, vocabulary, comprehension, fluency, and motivation.
Literacy is the ability to read and write. Some researchers suggest that the study of "literacy" as a concept can be divided into two periods: the period before 1950, when literacy was understood solely as alphabetical literacy (word and letter recognition); and the period after 1950, when literacy slowly began to be considered as a wider concept and process, including the social and cultural ...
Esperanto is a constructed language created in 1887 by L. L. Zamenhof, a Polish-Jewish ophthalmologist, aimed to eliminate language barriers in international communication. Esperanto is based on the Indo-European languages, and has a highly regular grammar and writing system. It has been proposed that learning Esperanto can provide a ...
Reading comprehension is the ability to process written text, understand its meaning, and to integrate with what the reader already knows. [1][2][3][4] Reading comprehension relies on two abilities that are connected to each other: word reading and language comprehension. [5] Comprehension specifically is a "creative, multifaceted process" that ...