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[3] [8] [17] Serum carnosinase is a glycoprotein, and splits free carnosine and anserine in the blood. [11] This form of the dipeptidase is not found in human blood until late infancy, slowly rising to adult levels by age 15. [14] Unlike tissue carnosinase, serum carnosinase also hydrolyzes the GABA metabolite homocarnosine. [11]
Carnosine is naturally produced by the body in the liver [2] from beta-alanine and histidine. Like carnitine, carnosine is composed of the root word carn, meaning "flesh", alluding to its prevalence in meat. [3] There are no plant-based sources of carnosine. [4] Carnosine is readily available as a synthetic nutritional supplement.
Zinc L-carnosine has been used orally [8] [17] or as an oral rinse, lozenge or suppository. [10] The typical clinical oral dose is 150 mg/day, containing 34 mg zinc and 116 mg L-carnosine. [8] [17] (The Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for total zinc intake from all sources in adults is 40 mg/day. [18])
Hemoglobin-AGE levels are elevated in diabetic individuals [24] and other AGE proteins have been shown in experimental models to accumulate with time, increasing from 5-50 fold over periods of 5–20 weeks in the retina, lens and renal cortex of diabetic rats.
β-Alanine is the rate-limiting precursor of carnosine, which is to say carnosine levels are limited by the amount of available β-alanine, not histidine. [6] Supplementation with β-alanine has been shown to increase the concentration of carnosine in muscles, decrease fatigue in athletes, and increase total muscular work done.
Anserine is a derivative of carnosine, which has been methylated. [2] Both anserine and carnosine chelate copper. [3] Due to its methylation, anserine is more stable in serum and resistant to degradation than carnosine. [4] Anserine can be found in the skeletal muscle and brain of mammals and birds. [2]
In hematology, thrombocythemia is a condition of high platelet (thrombocyte) count in the blood. Normal count is in the range of 150 × 10 9 to 450 × 10 9 platelets per liter of blood, [ 1 ] but investigation is typically only considered if the upper limit exceeds 750 × 10 9 /L.
As urgent medical treatment is often required when DKA is suspected, the tentative diagnosis can be made based on clinical history and by calculating the anion gap from the basic metabolic panel, which would demonstrate a high anion-gap metabolic acidosis along with high glucose levels. This allows timely treatment with fluids and insulin well ...
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