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The exact cause of leukemia is unknown. [5] A combination of genetic factors and environmental (non-inherited) factors are believed to play a role. [5] Risk factors include smoking, ionizing radiation, petrochemicals (such as benzene), prior chemotherapy, and Down syndrome. [5] [3] People with a family history of leukemia are also at higher ...
CLL is the most common type of leukemia in the UK, accounting for 38% of all leukemia cases. Approximately 3,200 people were diagnosed with the disease in 2011. [91] In Western populations, subclinical "disease" can be identified in 3.5% of normal adults, [92] and in up to 8% of individuals over the age of 70. [93]
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a cancer of the lymphoid line of blood cells characterized by the development of large numbers of immature lymphocytes. [1] Symptoms may include feeling tired, pale skin color, fever , easy bleeding or bruising, enlarged lymph nodes , or bone pain. [ 1 ]
In childhood, T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) patients can expect a 5-year event-free survival (EFS) rate of 70% and an overall survival (OS) rate of 80%. [1] Among the approximately 25% of children who relapse, survival rates drop to 30-50%, with patients generally showing a much poorer prognosis. [ 1 ]
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a cancer of the myeloid line of blood cells, characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal cells that build up in the bone marrow and blood and interfere with normal blood cell production. [1]
When a child has leukemia, the cells do not respond to the signals telling them when to stop and when to produce cells. The bone marrow becomes crowded, resulting in problems producing other blood cells. [4] [5] Common childhood leukemia signs and symptoms include excessive tiredness, easy bruising or bleeding, bone pain and paleness. [6]
Acute promyelocytic leukemia was first characterized in 1957 [4] [5] by French and Norwegian physicians as a hyperacute fatal illness, [3] with a median survival time of less than a week. [6] Today, prognoses have drastically improved; 10-year survival rates are estimated to be approximately 80-90% according to one study. [7] [6] [8]
Daily long-term use of high voltage (5.0 V) electronic cigarettes may generate formaldehyde-forming chemicals at a greater level than smoking, which was determined to be a lifetime cancer risk of approximately 5 to 15 times greater than smoking. [30] However, the overall safety and long-term health effects of electronic cigarettes is still ...