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Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS type 1 and type 2), sometimes referred to by the hyponyms reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) or reflex neurovascular dystrophy (RND), is a rare and severe form of neuroinflammatory and dysautonomic disorder causing chronic pain, neurovascular, and neuropathic symptoms.
Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) is a syndrome that causes episodes of increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system. Hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system can manifest as increased heart rate, increased respiration, increased blood pressure, diaphoresis , and hyperthermia . [ 1 ]
Horner's syndrome, also known as oculosympathetic paresis, [1] is a combination of symptoms that arises when a group of nerves known as the sympathetic trunk is damaged. The signs and symptoms occur on the same side (ipsilateral) as it is a lesion of the sympathetic trunk.
It may also involve the cervical ganglia of the sympathetic trunk. Paralysis is caused by a lesion in the retroparotid space , which is bounded posteriorly by the cervical vertebrae, superiorly by the skull near the jugular foramen, anteriorly by the parotid gland, laterally by the sternocleidomastoid muscle, and medially by the pharynx.
Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis: CIP Congenital insensitivity to pain: CJD Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease: CKD Chronic kidney disease: CLOVES syndrome Congenital lipomatous overgrowth, vascular malformations, epidermal nevi, and skeletal/spinal abnormalities syndrome CML Chronic myelogenous leukemia: CMs Chiari malformations: CMT ...
There are two kinds of neurons involved in the transmission of any signal through the sympathetic system: pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic. The shorter preganglionic neurons originate in the thoracolumbar division of the spinal cord specifically at T1 to L2~L3, and travel to a ganglion, often one of the paravertebral ganglia, where they synapse with a postganglionic neuron.
Near the stellate ganglion, the sympathetic fibers go around the subclavian artery (shown along with the carotid vessels). This is a site of lesion especially due to its proximity to the apex of the lung (eg. Pancoast's tumor). The superior division of oculomotor nerve is shown supplying the Superior rectus and levator palpebrae superioris.
This includes two separate types: type I and type II. Type I CRPS, formerly known as reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) or "Sudeck's atrophy", refers to CRPS without any observed nerve damage. Type II, formerly known as causalgia, refers to CRPS with observed nerve damage. This form, similarly to other forms of AMPS, is known to be able to ...