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Broadly, modern glass container factories are three-part operations: the "batch house", the "hot end", and the "cold end". The batch house handles the raw materials; the hot end handles the manufacture proper—the forehearth, forming machines, and annealing ovens; and the cold end handles the product-inspection and packaging equipment.
Ariba (now SAP Ariba) was founded in 1996 [4] by Bobby Lent, Boris Putanec, Paul Touw, Rob Desantis, Ed Kinsey, Paul Hegarty, and Keith Krach [5] on the idea of using the Internet to enable companies to facilitate and improve the procurement process, which was paper-based, labor-intensive, and inefficient for large corporations.
The manufacturing process for soda–lime glass consists in melting the raw materials, which are the silica, soda (Na 2 O), hydrated lime (Ca(OH) 2), dolomite (CaMg(CO 3) 2, which provides the magnesium oxide), and aluminium oxide; along with small quantities of fining agents (e.g., sodium sulfate (Na 2 SO 4), sodium chloride (NaCl), etc.) in a glass furnace at temperatures locally up to 1675 ...
Foam glass or expanded glass is a porous glass foam material. It is used as a light weight, moisture- and fireproof building material with thermal and acoustic insulating properties. It is made by heating a mixture of crushed or granulated glass and a blowing agent (chemical foaming agent ), often carbon or carbonates such as limestone .
The tendency for a material to form a glass while quenched is called glass-forming ability. This ability can be predicted by the rigidity theory . [ 13 ] Generally, a glass exists in a structurally metastable state with respect to its crystalline form, although in certain circumstances, for example in atactic polymers, there is no crystalline ...
Glass-ceramics are polycrystalline materials produced through controlled crystallization of base glass, producing a fine uniform dispersion of crystals throughout the bulk material. Crystallization is accomplished by subjecting suitable glasses to a carefully regulated heat treatment schedule, resulting in the nucleation and growth of crystal ...
The molten glass is fed into a "tin bath", a bath of molten tin (about 3–4 m wide, 50 m long, 6 cm deep), from a delivery canal and is poured into the tin bath by a ceramic lip known as the spout lip. [18] The amount of glass allowed to pour onto the molten tin is controlled by a gate called a tweel. Molten tin is suitable for the float glass ...
Furthermore, the material can be tailored during design and manufacture so that the number, type and alignment of layers can suit the local stresses and shapes throughout the aircraft. This allows the production of double-curved sections, complex integrated panels, or very large sheets.