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Two maps , are called homotopic relative to A if they are homotopic by a basepoint-preserving homotopy : [,] such that, for each p in and t in [,], the element (,) is in A. Note that ordinary homotopy groups are recovered for the special case in which A = { x 0 } {\displaystyle A=\{x_{0}\}} is the singleton containing the base point.
The two dashed paths shown above are homotopic relative to their endpoints. The animation represents one possible homotopy. In topology, two continuous functions from one topological space to another are called homotopic (from Ancient Greek: ὁμός homós "same, similar" and τόπος tópos "place") if one can be "continuously deformed" into the other, such a deformation being called a ...
Low-dimensional examples: A connected map (0-connected map) is one that is onto path components (0th homotopy group); this corresponds to the homotopy fiber being non-empty. A simply connected map (1-connected map) is one that is an isomorphism on path components (0th homotopy group) and onto the fundamental group (1st homotopy group).
The null homotopic class acts as the identity of the group addition, and for X equal to S n (for positive n) — the homotopy groups of spheres — the groups are abelian and finitely generated. If for some i all maps are null homotopic, then the group π i consists of one element, and is called the trivial group.
Two chain homotopic maps f and g induce the same maps on homology because (f − g) sends cycles to boundaries, which are zero in homology. In particular a homotopy equivalence is a quasi-isomorphism. (The converse is false in general.)
For example, the homotopy pushout encountered above always maps to the ordinary pushout. This map is not typically a weak equivalence, for example the join is not weakly equivalent to the pushout of X 0 ← X 0 × X 1 → X 1 {\displaystyle X_{0}\leftarrow X_{0}\times X_{1}\rightarrow X_{1}} , which is a point.
The category of topological spaces Top has topological spaces as objects and as morphisms the continuous maps between them. The older definition of the homotopy category hTop, called the naive homotopy category [1] for clarity in this article, has the same objects, and a morphism is a homotopy class of continuous maps.
Given a map :, the mapping cylinder is a space , together with a cofibration ~: and a surjective homotopy equivalence (indeed, Y is a deformation retract of ), such that the composition equals f. Thus the space Y gets replaced with a homotopy equivalent space M f {\displaystyle M_{f}} , and the map f with a lifted map f ~ {\displaystyle {\tilde ...
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