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California's gasoline carbon intensity is 95.86 blended with 10% ethanol. [19] [108] (4) Assuming direct land use change. [21] (5) If diesel-powered vehicles are included and due to ethanol's lower energy content by volume, bioethanol represented 16.9% of the road sector energy consumption in 2007. [119]
In the US, Honda does not offer any E85 powered flexfuel vehicles in 2009. [16] GM has stated a commitment to dedicate 50% of its production to Flex-Fuel E85 capable vehicles by the 2012 model year. [17] Also by 2012 all products of British luxury car-maker Bentley Motors will be Flex-Fuel using a patented fuel-system and an in-line fuel sensor.
Title 12: Military and Veterans; Title 13: Motor Vehicles; Title 14: Natural Resources; Title 15: Crime Prevention and Corrections; Title 16: Professional and Vocational Regulations; Title 17: Public Health; Title 18: Public Revenues; Title 19: Public Safety; Title 20: Public Utilities and Energy; Title 21: Public Works; Title 22: Social ...
The Clean Air Act of 1963 (CAA) was passed as an extension of the Air Pollution Control Act of 1955, encouraging the federal government via the United States Public Health Service under the then-Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) to encourage research and development towards reducing pollution and working with states to establish their own emission reduction programs.
The country produces a total of 18 billion litres (4.8 billion gallons) annually, of which 3.5 billion liters are exported, 2 billion of them to the U.S. [15] Alcohol cars debuted in the Brazilian market in 1979 and became quite popular because of a heavy subsidy, but in the 1980s prices rose and gasoline regained the leading market share.
Fuel additives in the United States are regulated under section 211 of the Clean Air Act (as amended in January 1995). The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requires the registration of all fuel additives which are commercially distributed for use in highway motor vehicles in the United States, [8] and may require testing and ban harmful additives.
Straight hydrous ethanol as an automotive fuel has been widely used in Brazil since the late 1970s for neat ethanol vehicles [96] [143] and more recently for flexible-fuel vehicles. [144] [145] The ethanol fuel used in Brazil is distilled close to the azeotrope mixture of 95.63% ethanol and 4.37% water (by weight) which is approximately 3.5% ...
In Brazil, ethanol fuel is neat at the pumps, hence flexible-fuel vehicles (FFV) including trucks, tractors, motorbikes and mopeds run on E100. The 85% fraction is commonly sold at pumps worldwide (outside the US), and when specifically supplied or sold as E85 is always 85% ethanol (at pumps or in barrel).