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Acid rain is rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, meaning that it has elevated levels of hydrogen ions (low pH).Most water, including drinking water, has a neutral pH that exists between 6.5 and 8.5, but acid rain has a pH level lower than this and ranges from 4–5 on average.
Diagram depicting the sources and cycles of acid rain precipitation. Freshwater acidification occurs when acidic inputs enter a body of fresh water through the weathering of rocks, invasion of acidifying gas (e.g. carbon dioxide), or by the reduction of acid anions, like sulfate and nitrate within a lake, pond, or reservoir. [1]
As illustrated by the diagram on the right, additional carbon dioxide (CO 2) is absorbed by the ocean and reacts with water, carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3) is formed and broken down into both bicarbonate (HCO − 3) and hydrogen (H +) ions (gray arrow), which reduces bioavailable carbonate (CO 2− 3) and decreases ocean pH (black arrow).
Sulfuric acid rain in the atmosphere of Venus evaporates before reaching the ground due to the high heat near the surface. [2] Similarly, virgae happen on gas giant planets such as Jupiter. [citation needed] In September 2008, NASA's Phoenix lander discovered a snow variety of virga falling from Martian clouds. [3]
The process proceeds through A.ferrooxidans exhibiting a quorum level for the trigger of acid mine drainage (AMD). At first colonisation of metal sulfides there is no AMD, and as the bacteria grow into microcolonies , AMD remains absent, then at a certain colony size, the population begins to produce a measurable change in water chemistry, and ...
Example Bjerrum plot: Change in carbonate system of seawater from ocean acidification.. A Bjerrum plot (named after Niels Bjerrum), sometimes also known as a Sillén diagram (after Lars Gunnar Sillén), or a Hägg diagram (after Gunnar Hägg) [1] is a graph of the concentrations of the different species of a polyprotic acid in a solution, as a function of pH, [2] when the solution is at ...
4) fertilizers react in the soil by the process of nitrification to form nitrate (NO − 3), and in the process release H + ions. Acid rain: The burning of fossil fuels releases oxides of sulfur and nitrogen into the atmosphere. These react with water in the atmosphere to form sulfuric and nitric acid in rain.
Surface runoff is defined as precipitation (rain, snow, sleet, or hail [5]) that reaches a surface stream without ever passing below the soil surface. [6] It is distinct from direct runoff , which is runoff that reaches surface streams immediately after rainfall or melting snowfall and excludes runoff generated by the melting of snowpack or ...