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Bone malrotation refers to the situation that results when a bone heals out of rotational alignment from another bone, or part of bone. It often occurs as the result of a surgical complication after a fracture where intramedullary nailing (IMN) occurs, [ 1 ] especially in the femur and tibial bones, but can also occur genetically at birth.
Frontal bone: creates the forehead of the horse; Parietal bones: extend from the forehead to the back of the skull; Occipital bone: forms the joint between the skull and the first vertebrae of the neck (the atlas) Temporal bones: contain the eternal acoustic meatus, which transmits sound from the ear to the cochlea (eardrum)
The coffin bone. The hoof of the horse contains over a dozen different structures, including bones, cartilage, tendons and tissues. The coffin or pedal bone is the major hoof bone, supporting the majority of the weight. Behind the coffin bone is the navicular bone, itself cushioned by the navicular bursa, a fluid-filled sac.
As horses become older, the cannon bone becomes stiffer and thus bucked shins rarely occur again. Approximately 12% of horses that develop bucked shins go on to have stress or saucer fractures later. [46] Bucked shins force 7% of racehorses to retire. [47] Splints are new bone formation (exostoses) along the involved splint bone. [48]
Lameness is most commonly associated with injury to synovial joints, or those joints containing articular cartilage, a joint capsule, and a synovial membrane.Joint disease may affect the joint capsule and synovial membrane, articular cartilage, subchondral bone (the bone underneath the cartilage), menisci, or any ligaments associated with the joint.
The condition is common in horses, often from perinatal factors such as premature birth or placentitis. [4] More uncommonly, the condition may manifest in the fetlock or tarsus. [3] Dog breeds that have short, bowlegged limbs are most susceptible to the condition. [2] Male dogs are more frequently affected than females. [1]
Ideally, the length of a horse's back from the peak of the withers to the point of the hip should be 1/3 of the horse's overall body length (from the point of the shoulder to the point of the buttock, excluding head and neck). A horse's back is called "long" if the length exceeds 1/3 and "short" if less than 1/3.
Additionally, horses with a hind limb lameness will tend to reduce the degree of leg use. To do so, some horses will reduce the contraction time of the gluteals on the side of the lame leg, leading to a "hip roll" or "hip dip" and appearance that the hip drops a greater degree on the side of the lame leg. [10]