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Before the bus boycott, Jim Crow laws mandated the racial segregation of the Montgomery Bus Line. As a result of this segregation, African Americans were not hired as drivers, were forced to ride in the back of the bus, and were frequently ordered to surrender their seats to white people even though black passengers made up 75% of the bus system's riders. [2]
Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005) was an American activist in the civil rights movement, best known for her pivotal role in the Montgomery bus boycott.
Bus driver defied by Rosa Parks after he ordered her to give up her seat – eventually leading to the Montgomery bus boycott James Frederick Blake (April 14, 1912 – March 21, 2002) was an American bus driver in Montgomery, Alabama , whom Rosa Parks defied in 1955, prompting the Montgomery bus boycott .
He also was the lawyer who represented Rosa Parks in her challenge to the constitutionality of the ordinance, due to the infamous segregation of passengers on buses in Montgomery. [1] This is what launched the 1955-1956 Montgomery bus boycott. Durr was born into a patrician Alabama family. [2]
60 years ago today, Rosa Parks refused to relinquish her bus seat to a white man in Alabama, knowingly violating her city's racial segregation laws.
Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a public bus on December 1, 1955. After calling her mother from jail, her mom contacted E.D. Nixon, president of the NAACP and secretary of the new Montgomery Improvement Association, who was able to have Clifford Durr (a white lawyer who, with his wife, Virginia Durr, was an activist in the Civil Rights Movement) pay the fine to ...
Parks’ defiance sparked the 13-month Montgomery Bus Boycott, which was organized by Martin Luther King Jr. The nonviolent mass protest ended with the Supreme Court ruling that segregation on ...
That night, with Parks' permission, Robinson stayed up mimeographing 35,000 handbills calling for a boycott of the Montgomery bus system, with the help of the chairman of the Alabama State College business department, John Cannon, and two students. [4]: 34 The boycott was supported and fought by many. In a 1976 interview, Robinson pointed out ...