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Viral evolution is a subfield of evolutionary biology and virology that is specifically concerned with the evolution of viruses. [1] [2] Viruses have short generation times, and many—in particular RNA viruses—have relatively high mutation rates (on the order of one point mutation or more per genome per round of replication).
Virus factors are largely influenced by viral genetics, which is the virulence determinant of structural or non-structural proteins and non-coding sequences. For a virus to successfully infect and cause disease in the host, it has to encode specific virus factors in its genome to overcome the preventive effects of physical barriers, and ...
In some groups of viruses—such as the class Caudoviricetes ("tail viruses") and the genus Tupanvirus—the capsid carries an appendage called the "tail". The tail of the Caudoviricetes is usually divided into: a neck, possibly with collar a long, possibly contractile tail sheath; base plate; possibly tail fibers/tail spikes
Animals, including humans, have many natural defences against viruses. Some are non-specific and protect against many viruses regardless of the type. This innate immunity is not improved by repeated exposure to viruses and does not retain a "memory" of the infection. The skin of animals, particularly its surface, which is made from dead cells ...
Filamentous bacteriophages are a family of viruses (Inoviridae) that infect bacteria, or bacteriophages.They are named for their filamentous shape, a worm-like chain (long, thin, and flexible, reminiscent of a length of cooked spaghetti), about 6 nm in diameter and about 1000-2000 nm long.
Influenza A viruses differ by comprising multiple ribonucleoproteins, the viral NP protein organizes the RNA into a helical structure. The size is also different; the tobacco mosaic virus has a 16.33 protein subunits per helical turn, [22] while the influenza A virus has a 28 amino acid tail loop. [25]
Virus crystallisation is the re-arrangement of viral components into solid crystal particles. [1] The crystals are composed of thousands of inactive forms of a particular virus arranged in the shape of a prism. [2] The inactive nature of virus crystals provide advantages for immunologists to effectively analyze the structure and function behind ...
Viral eukaryogenesis has been controversial for several reasons. For one, it is sometimes argued that the posited evidence for the viral origins of the nucleus can be conversely used to suggest the nuclear origins of some viruses. [2] Secondly, this hypothesis has further inflamed the longstanding debate over whether viruses are living ...