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James II and VII (14 October 1633 O.S. – 16 September 1701) was King of England and Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII from the death of his elder brother, Charles II, on 6 February 1685, until he was deposed in the 1688 Glorious Revolution.
Portrait of James when Duke of York in 1684, by Godfrey Kneller. Mary of Modena in c. 1687 after her coronation as queen consort, a portrait by Godfrey Kneller.. James's predecessor and elder brother, King Charles II, had come to the throne in the 1660 Stuart Restoration, which followed the English Civil Wars, the execution of Charles I and the five year republic known as The Protectorate.
James II; attempts to impose the Declaration of Indulgence destroyed his support base. Despite his Catholicism, James II became king in February 1685 with widespread support in all three kingdoms, resulting in the rapid defeat of the 1685 Monmouth Rebellion in England and Argyll's Rising in Scotland. [1]
James II & VII, King of England, Scotland and Ireland. Portrait of James II by Godfrey Kneller, National Portrait Gallery, 1684. Stuart political ideology derived from James VI and I, who in 1603 had created a vision of a centralised state, run by a monarch whose authority came from God, and where the function of Parliament was simply to obey. [4]
Hales declared himself a Catholic on the accession of James II and was formally reconciled to the Catholic Church on 11 November 1685. He had not received the sacrament according to the rites of the Church of England within three months of his commission in 1673, contrary to the statute 25 Charles II and had not taken the oaths of allegiance and supremacy.
Portrait of James II by Godfrey Kneller, 1684. Despite his Catholicism, James II became king in 1685 with widespread support in all three kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland, largely due to fear of civil war if he were bypassed; by 1688, it seemed only his removal could prevent one.
James II was the last Catholic to reign as monarch of England (and Scotland and Ireland). Charles' brother and heir James, Duke of York (later James II ), converted to Catholicism in 1668–1669.
The Declaration of Indulgence, also called Declaration for Liberty of Conscience, [1] was a pair of proclamations made by James II of England and Ireland and VII of Scotland in 1687. The Indulgence was first issued for Scotland on 12 February and then for England on 4 April 1687. [ 2 ]