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Constantine possibly retained the title of pontifex maximus which emperors bore as heads of the ancient Roman religion until Gratian renounced the title. [ 246 ] [ 247 ] According to Christian writers, Constantine was over 40 when he finally declared himself a Christian, making it clear that he owed his successes to the protection of the ...
Some maintain instead that Constantine launched a new military campaign into the plain south of the Tisza to restore order among the warring factions, [73] at the end of which Constantine received the victory title of Sarmaticus Maximus for the third time.
Constantine's death marked the definitive end of the Eastern Roman Empire, which traced its origin to Constantine the Great's foundation of Constantinople as the Roman Empire's new capital in 330. Constantine was the fourth son of Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos and Serbian noblewoman Helena Dragaš. Little is known of his early life, but from ...
The Roman emperors were the rulers of the Roman Empire from the granting of the name and title Augustus to Octavian by the Roman Senate in 27 BC onward. [1] Augustus maintained a facade of Republican rule, rejecting monarchical titles but calling himself princeps senatus (first man of the Senate) and princeps civitatis (first citizen of the ...
The foundation of Constantinople in 330 AD marks the conventional start of the Eastern Roman Empire, which fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 AD. Only the emperors who were recognized as legitimate rulers and exercised sovereign authority are included, to the exclusion of junior co-emperors (symbasileis) who never attained the status of sole or senior ruler, as well as of the various usurpers ...
Mehmed VI (r. 1918–1922), the last sultan of the Ottoman Empire In the aftermath of Constantinople's fall and the death of the final emperor, Constantine XI Palaiologos, in the fighting, Constantinople's conqueror, Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire, assumed the title Kayser-i Rûm (Caesar of the Roman Empire), portraying himself as the successor of the Byzantine emperors.
Heraclius, 610–641, was the last attested emperor to use ethnic victory titles until the tenth century, in 612 he proclaimed himself: [6] Alamannicus ("victorious over the Alamanni") Gothicus ("victorious over the Goths") Francicus ("victorious over the Franks") Germanicus ("victorious over the Germans") Anticus ("victorious over the Antae")
Under Constantine I, the head of the comitatus cavalry was given the title of magister equitum ("master of horse"), which in Republican times had been held by the deputy to a Roman dictator. [28] But neither title implies the existence of an independent "cavalry army", as was suggested by some more dated scholars.