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2. Checked and free vowels - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checked_and_free_vowels

   The term checked vowel is also useful in the description of English spelling. [8] As free written vowels a, e, i, o, u correspond to the spoken vowels / eɪ /, / iː /, / aɪ /, / oʊ /, / uː /; as checked vowels a, e, i, o, u correspond to / æ /, / ɛ /, / ɪ /, / ɒ /, / ʊ /. In spelling free and checked vowels are often called long and ...

3. Consonant gradation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant_gradation

   The system of gradation has also expanded to include gradation of all consonant clusters and geminate consonants (generally quantitative), when occurring after short vowels, and vowel gradation between long and overlong vowels, although these are not written except for the distinction between voiceless stops and geminate voiceless stops (e.g ...

4. Silent e - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_e

   This can be seen in the vowels in word-pairs such as rid / r ɪ d / and ride / r aɪ d /, in which the presence of the final, unpronounced e appears to alter the sound of the preceding i . An example with consonants is the word-pair loath (loʊθ) and loathe (loʊð), where the e can be understood as a marker of a voiced th .

5. Phonics - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonics

   Reading by using phonics is often referred to as decoding words, sounding-out words or using print-to-sound relationships.Since phonics focuses on the sounds and letters within words (i.e. sublexical), [13] it is often contrasted with whole language (a word-level-up philosophy for teaching reading) and a compromise approach called balanced literacy (the attempt to combine whole language and ...

6. Vowel length - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel_length

   In linguistics, vowel length is the perceived length of a vowel sound: the corresponding physical measurement is duration.In some languages vowel length is an important phonemic factor, meaning vowel length can change the meaning of the word, for example in Arabic, Czech, Dravidian languages (such as Tamil), some Finno-Ugric languages (such as Finnish and Estonian), Japanese, Kyrgyz, Samoan ...

7. Phonological changes from Classical Latin to Proto-Romance

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_changes_from...

   /ks/ is reduced to /s/ before or after a consonant or at the end of words of more than one syllable. Cf. /ˈkalks, ˈsekstus/ > /ˈkals, ˈsestus/. [22] Intervocalically, it sometimes metathesizes to /sk/. Cf. /ˈwiːksit/ > /ˈβiːskit/. Words beginning with /sC/ receive an initial supporting vowel [ɪ], unless they are preceded by a word ...