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Environmental factors affecting development may include both diet and disease exposure, as well as social, emotional, and cognitive experiences. [56] However, examination of environmental factors also shows that children can survive a fairly broad range of environmental experiences. [55]
The assessment of social emotional development in young children must include an assessment of both child-level factors, such as genetic disorders, physical limitations, or linguistic and cognitive developmental level, as well as contextual factors, such as family and cultural factors. [34]
Interventions that use the social ecological model as a framework include mass media campaigns, social marketing, and skills development. In economics: economics, human habits, and cultural characteristics are shaped by geography. In economics, an output is a function of natural resources, human resources, capital resources, and technology.
Parenting roles in child development have typically focused on the role of the mother. Recent literature, however, has looked toward the father as having an important role in child development. Affirming a role for fathers, studies have shown that children as young as 15 months benefit significantly from substantial engagement with their father.
[4] [28] Stress can affect children's growth and development, including the onset of puberty. [28] Some of the physical cues that may be indicative of stress in children are rashes on skin and skin diseases such as eczema , acne and hair loss , worsening asthma , insomnia or hypersomnia, frequent headaches, muscle aches, vomiting, constipation ...
Social buffering is recognized as an essential way through which the nature of experiences in childhood affect development and subsequent health. [23] During infancy, parents play a large role in regulating the negative consequences of childhood, especially regarding fear or pain responses. [55]
Holistic development sees the child in the round, as a whole person – physically, emotionally, intellectually, socially, morally, culturally and spiritually. Learning about child development involves studying patterns of growth and development, from which guidelines for 'normal' development are construed.
Child neglect, often overlooked, is the most common form of child maltreatment. [1] Most perpetrators of child abuse and neglect are the parents themselves. A total of 79.4% of the perpetrators of abused and neglected children are the parents of the victims, and of those 79.4% parents, 61% exclusively neglect their children. [2]