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Bicarbonate in the red blood cell (RBC) exchanging with chloride from plasma in the lungs. The underlying properties creating the chloride shift are the presence of carbonic anhydrase within the RBCs but not the plasma, and the permeability of the RBC membrane to carbon dioxide and bicarbonate ion but not to hydrogen ion.
A1c is a weighted average of blood glucose levels during the life of the red blood cells (117 days for men and 106 days in women [18]). Therefore, glucose levels on days nearer to the test contribute substantially more to the level of A1c than the levels in days further from the test. [19]
Carbonic anhydrase was initially isolated and characterised from red blood cells in 1933, with simultaneous reports by Meldrum and Roughton (at Cambridge University in the United Kingdom) and by Stadie and O’Brien (at the University of Pennsylvania in the United States), [7] [8] both while searching for a "catalytic factor... necessary for rapid transit of the HCO 3-[bicarbonate anion] from ...
Most of the carbonic acid then dissociates to bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. The bicarbonate buffer system is an acid-base homeostatic mechanism involving the balance of carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3), bicarbonate ion (HCO − 3), and carbon dioxide (CO 2) in order to maintain pH in the blood and duodenum, among other tissues, to support proper ...
The bicarbonate buffer system regulates the ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate to be equal to 1:20, at which ratio the blood pH is 7.4 (as explained in the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation). A change in the plasma pH gives an acid–base imbalance .
Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid. This molecule breaks down into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. This break down process occurs in red blood cells. Ultimately, the concentration of bicarbonate ions in the bloodstream affects the formation of the protein carbaminohemoglobin in the body. [11]
Hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein that gives red blood cells their color and facilitates transportation of oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs to be exhaled. [3] Red blood cells are the most abundant cell in the blood, accounting for about 40–45% of its volume.
The parameter standard bicarbonate concentration (SBC e) is the bicarbonate concentration in the blood at a P a CO 2 of 40 mmHg (5.33 kPa), full oxygen saturation and 36 °C. [13] Reference ranges for blood tests, comparing blood content of bicarbonate (shown in blue at right) with other constituents.