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Thus, HFO is also commonly referred to as residual fuel oil. The chemical composition of HFO is highly variable due to the fact that HFO is often mixed or blended with cleaner fuels; blending streams can include carbon numbers from C 20 to greater than C 50. HFOs are blended to achieve certain viscosity and flow characteristics for a given use.
Fuel oil's viscosity strongly depends on the temperature, the higher is the temperature the lower is the viscosity. For optimal combustion the viscosity of the fuel should be in the range of 10–20 cSt. To maintain this value a combination of viscometer, PID controller and heater is used. Viscometer measures the actual viscosity of the fuel ...
Increasing temperature results in a decrease in viscosity because a larger temperature means particles have greater thermal energy and are more easily able to overcome the attractive forces binding them together. An everyday example of this viscosity decrease is cooking oil moving more fluidly in a hot frying pan than in a cold one.
Manuscript paper (sometimes staff paper in U.S. English, or just music paper) is paper preprinted with staves ready for musical notation. [1] A manuscript is made up of lines and spaces, and these lines and space have their names depending on the staves (bass or treble). Manuscript paper is also available for drum notation and guitar tabulature ...
Consequently, if a liquid has dynamic viscosity of n centiPoise, and its density is not too different from that of water, then its kinematic viscosity is around n centiStokes. For gas, the dynamic viscosity is usually in the range of 10 to 20 microPascal-seconds, or 0.01 to 0.02 centiPoise. The density is usually on the order of 0.5 to 5 kg/m^3.
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The gas viscosity model of Chung et alios (1988) [5] is combination of the Chapman–Enskog(1964) kinetic theory of viscosity for dilute gases and the empirical expression of Neufeld et alios (1972) [6] for the reduced collision integral, but expanded empirical to handle polyatomic, polar and hydrogen bonding fluids over a wide temperature ...
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